Joint Opinion 09-192 and 09-231
January 27-28, 2010
Please Note:
See AO-347 concerning the status of Section 100.4(H)(2).
Digest: A full-time judge may pursue his/her artistic or other creative endeavors
as a hobby and may seek compensation for such endeavors on an
occasional basis, subject to certain limitations. Rules: 22 NYCRR 100.2; 100.2(A); 100.2(C); 100.3;100.3(A);100.4;
100.4(A)(1)-(3); 100.4(B); 100.4(C)(3)(b)(i); 100.4(D)(1)(a) - (c);
100.4(D)(3); 100.4(D)(3)(b);100.4(H); 100.4(H)(1); 100.4(H)(1)(a);
100.4(H)(1)(c); 100.4(H)(2); 100.6(B)(1); 100.6(B)(4); Opinions 09-08;
06-141; 06-138; 06-105; 03-02; 00-24 (Vol. XIX); 00-01 (Vol. XVIII);99-145
(Vol. XVIII); 99-86 (Vol. XVIII); 98-62 (Vol. XVII); 96-134 (Vol. XV); 95-74
(Vol. XIII); 94-57 (Vol. XII); 94-19 (Vol. XII); 94-116 (Vol. XIII); 93-37 (Vol.
XI); 90-24 (Vol. V); 88-133 (Vol. III); Joint Opinion 96-143/97-43/97-58/
97-66/97-96 (Vol. XV). Opinion: Two full-time judges ask whether they may seek compensation for certain
extrajudicial activities. The judge in inquiry 09-192 is a musician who has been
playing an instrument solo for decades and would now like to "pursu[e] part time
employment as a [solo musician]." The judge in inquiry 09-231 is an artist who asks
whether he/she may exhibit his/her artworks in an art gallery, on the art gallery's web
site, in an art show, and/or in public places such as libraries. According to the judge,
participants in juried art shows (i.e., art shows in which designated individuals select
which of the submitted artworks will be displayed and/or awarded a prize) must pay a
fee to participate. The artist judge also asks whether he/she may permit an art
gallery to sell his/her artwork and retain a commission. THE RULES GOVERNING JUDICIAL CONDUCT The Rules Governing Judicial Conduct (Rules) do not prohibit judges from
engaging in extra-judicial activities (see 22 NYCRR 100.4). Rather, a judge who
engages in extra-judicial activities must do so in compliance with certain general
principles set forth in the Rules that apply to all such activities, as well as certain
limitations that apply to specific extra-judicial activities (see id.) Thus, a judge must conduct all of the judge’s extra-judicial activities so that
they do not (1) cast reasonable doubt on the judge’s capacity to act impartially as a
judge; (2) detract from the dignity of judicial office; or (3) interfere with the proper
performance of judicial duties and are not incompatible with judicial office (see
NYCRR 100.4[A][1] - [3]). In addition, a judge who serves as an officer, director,
trustee or non-legal advisor of an organization or governmental agency devoted to the
improvement of the law, the legal system or the administration of justice or of a non-profit educational, religious, charitable, cultural, fraternal or civic organization is
prohibited from personally participating in the solicitation of funds or other fund-raising activities on behalf of such an organization or governmental agency (see 22
NYCRR 100.4[C][3][b][i]). The Rules further provide that a judge may engage in avocational1 activities,
i.e., speaking, writing, lecturing, teaching, and in extra-judicial activities subject to
the requirements of the Rules in general (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[B]). Such requirements include the following general principles: A judge shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all
the judge's activities (see 22 NYCRR 100.2); A judge shall act at all times in a manner that promotes public
confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary (see 22
NYCRR 100.2[A]); A judge shall not lend the prestige of judicial office to advance the
private interests of the judge or others (see 22 NYCRR 100.2[C]; The judicial duties of a judge take precedence over all the judge’s other
activities (see 22 NYCRR 100.3[A]). The Rules also provide that a full-time judge may receive compensation for
permissible extra-judicial activities if the source of the compensation does not give
the appearance of influencing the judge’s performance of judicial duties or otherwise
give the appearance of impropriety (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[H][1]). However, a judge’s
compensation for extra-judicial activities must not exceed a reasonable amount or
what a person who is not a judge would receive for the same activity (see 22 NYCRR
100.4[H][1][a]). Nor may a full-time judge solicit or receive compensation for extra-judicial activities performed for or on behalf of: (1) New York State, its political subdivisions or any office or agency
thereof (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[H][1][c][1]); (2) a school, college or university that is financially supported primarily
by New York Sate or any of its political subdivisions, or any officially
recognized body of students thereof, except that a judge may receive
the ordinary compensation for a lecture or for teaching a regular course
of study at any college or university if the teaching does not conflict with
the proper performance of judicial duties (see 22 NYCRR
100.4[H][1][c][2]); or (3) any private legal aid bureau or society designated to represent
indigents in accordance with article 18-B of the County Law (see 22
NYCRR 100.4[H][1][c][3]). Part-time judges are specifically exempted from these same limitations
concerning compensation and reimbursement (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[H][1];
100.4[H][1][c]; 100.6[B][1]), and are permitted to accept private employment or
public employment in a federal, state or municipal department or agency, provided
that such employment is not incompatible with judicial office and does not conflict or
interfere with the proper performance of the judge’s duties (see 22 NYCRR
100.6[B][4]). The Rules also address a judge’s extra-judicial financial activities. A judge is
prohibited from engaging in financial and business dealings that (a) may reasonably be
perceived as exploiting the judge’s judicial position; (b) involve the judge with any
business, organization or activity that ordinarily will come before the judge; or (c)
involve the judge in frequent transactions or continuing business relationships with
those lawyers or other persons likely to come before the court on which the judge
serves (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[D][1][a] - [c]). A judge also is prohibited from serving as an officer, director, manager, general
partner, advisor, employee or other active participant of any business entity (see 22
NYCRR 100.4[D][3]), but may manage and participate in a business entity engaged
solely in investment of the judge’s financial resources or the financial resources of
members of the judge’s family (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[D][3][b]). APPLICATION OF THE RULES GOVERNING JUDICIAL CONDUCT In previous opinions, the Committee has advised that judges may engage in
extra-judicial activities similar to those that are the subject of this inquiry, i.e.
involving the expression of creative talents: A full–time judge may teach dance
lessons for a not-for-profit corporation (see Opinion 94-57 [Vol. XII]); a part-time
judge may participate in a musical performance at a non-political, fund-raising event
for a not-for-profit organization, so long as the judge’s participation is not a
prominent or substantial part of the event (see Opinion 98-62 [Vol. XVII]); a full-time
judge may sell a patent for an invention the judge owns (see Opinion 00-01 [Vol.
XVIII]); a full-time judge may act under his/her own name in a community theater
production sponsored by a not-for-profit organization as long as no reference is made
to the judge’s judicial status (see Opinion 00-24 [Vol. XIX]); a full-time judge may be a
member of a musician’s union and participate in musical performances, as long as the
band itself is not a business enterprise and the judge’s involvement is not publicized
(see Opinion 06-141); a full-time judge may accept occasional requests from friends,
neighbors and colleagues to purchase the judge’s photographs or to have the judge
make portraits or sports/action photographs (see Opinion 09-08); and may prepare and
publish a book of photographs (see id.). In addition, judges may write and publish
books, articles, manuals, columns and commentaries about the law (see Opinions 88-133 [Vol. III]; 99-145 [Vol. XVIII]; 93-37 [Vol. XI]; 90-24 [Vol. V]; Joint Opinion 96-143/97-43/97-58/97-66/97-96 [Vol. XV]); and may write and publish fiction (see
Opinions 06-105; 99-145 [Vol XVIII]). However, a full-time judge may not teach dancing classes at a private
performing arts studio (see Opinion 94-19 [Vol. XII]); act in a commercial television
program (see Opinion 99-86 [Vol. XVIII] or a commercial motion picture (see Opinion
96-134 [Vol. XV]; and may not participate in a television series based upon the judge’s
judicial experiences and life (see Opinion 94-116 [Vol. XIII]) as the judge would be an
active participant in a for-profit business entity which is expressly prohibited by the
Rules (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[D][3]). The Committee also has advised that a judge who may engage in permissible
extra-judicial activities involving a not-for-profit entity may be compensated for doing
so as long as the source of such compensation does not give the appearance of
influencing the judge’s performance of judicial duties or otherwise give the
appearance of impropriety (see 22 NYCRR 100.4[H]; Joint Opinion 96-143/97-43/97-58/97-66/97-96[Vol. XV] [the extra-judicial activity of judges, for which compensation
is received, should be related to the improvement of the law, the legal system, and/or
the administration of justice; or it should be limited to non-commercial ventures, or
to personal and family matters, as specifically provided in the Rules]). Therefore, a
full-time judge who teaches dance classes for a not-for-profit organization may
receive compensation for doing so (see Opinion 94-57 [Vol. XII]) and may act in a
community theater production and receive compensation for doing so if the theater
group is a not-for-profit organization (see Opinion 00-24 [Vol. XIX]). Also, a full-time
judge who is a member of a musician’s union may accept compensation for occasional
performances at the pay scale set by the union as long as the band the judge plays for
is not a business enterprise (see Opinion 06-141; 22 NYCRR 100.4[D][3]). And, the one-time sale of a patent that the judge owns is permissible because “[i]ts sale would not
appear to run afoul of the limitations on financial activities on full-time judges set
forth in section 100.4(D) of the Rules Governing Judicial Conduct” (Opinion 00-01[Vol.
XVII]; see also Opinion 95-74 [Vol. XIII] [full-time judge may liquidate his/her
collection of carpets, but may not engage in the continuing activity of buying and
selling carpets]; Opinion 03-02 [full-time judge may dispose of his/her collection of
sports memorabilia by way of direct sale to dealers, or consignment, or auction, or a
one-time liquidation, without violating 22 NYCRR 100.4(D)(3)]). Similarly, a full-time
judge may accept occasional requests from friends, neighbors and colleagues to
purchase the judge’s photographs or to have the judge make portraits or sports/action
photographs, and may publish a book of photographs so long as he/she does not
exploit his/her judicial position in the process (see Opinion 09-08). Thus, the judge who wishes to pursue part-time employment as a solo musician
may do so only occasionally, for a fee, for family, friends, neighbors and others who
are unlikely to appear in the judge’s court. Were the judge to advertise his/her
availability for employment by the general public as a musician, or for a business
entity such as a caterer or country club, the judge would appear to be engaged in the
business of providing musical performances, which is not ethically permissible (see 22
NYCRR 100.3 [A]; 100.4[A][3]); 100.4[D][3]; see e.g. Opinions 94-19 [Vol. XII]; 99-86
[Vol. XVIII]; 96-134 [Vol. XV]; 94-116 [Vol. XIII]). And, the judge who is an artist may, for example, allow a gallery or other
public or private entity to exhibit his/her artwork, and he/she may participate in
juried and non-juried art shows on an occasional basis, assuming he/she must be
present at such exhibits and shows. The judge also may exhibit his/her art work on the
internet or at a gallery or public place without limitation if his/her presence is not
required while the art work is displayed. In addition, the judge may place his/her art
work for sale on commission with an art gallery. With respect to selling art work on commission, we note that the Committee
previously has advised that a judge may engage a publisher and/or a marketing firm to
act as an intermediary to sell his/her works of fiction (see Opinions 06-105; 99-145
[Vol. XVIII]). We view the proposed activity as analogous. However, neither judge may allow his/her creative activities to interfere with
the proper performance of his/her judicial duties (see 22 NYCRR 100.3; 100.3[A];
100.4[A][3]; 100.4[B]) and may not use the prestige of their offices to promote their
creative works (see 22 NYCRR 100.2[C]). Further, in the event that either judge
receives compensation in excess of $150, he/she must comply with the reporting
requirements set forth in section 100.4(H)(2) of the Rules Governing Judicial Conduct. This opinion modifies Opinion 09-08 to the extent that it prohibits a judge from
offering photographs for sale to the general public in all circumstances. Just as the
judge who wishes to place his/her art work for sale on commission with an art gallery,
or a judge who engages a publisher and/or a marketing firm to sell his/her works of
fiction (see Opinions 06-105; 99-145 [Vol. XVIII]), the judge in Opinion 09-08 also may
engage a third party to market and sell his/her photographs to the general public. 5/28/10 ______________________________ 1The term “Avocational” is not defined in the Rules. However, according to the
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, “avocation” is defined as “a subordinate
occupation pursued in addition to one's vocation especially for enjoyment”
(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010, available at
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/avocation [accessed May 10, 2010]);
see also “hobby,” which is defined as “a pursuit outside one's regular occupation
engaged in especially for relaxation” (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010,
available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hobby [accessed May 10,
2010]). In contrast, one’s “vocation” is defined as “the work in which a person is
employed” (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010, available at
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vocation [accessed May 10, 2010]).