Steven P. Forbes, Huntington, NY, for appellant.

Cheryl Charles-Duval, Brooklyn, NY, for respondent.

Allan D. Shafter, Port Washington, NY, attorney for the child.

In a proceeding pursuant to Family Court Act article 6, the father appeals from an order of the Family Court, Queens County (Lauren Norton Lerner, Ct. Atty. Ref.), dated July 18, 2022. The order, insofar as appealed from, after a hearing, in effect, denied the father's petition to modify an order of the same court (Wanda Wardlaw Matthews, Ct. Atty. Ref.), dated July 20, 2018, so as to award him sole legal and residential custody of the parties' child.

Ordered that the order dated July 18, 2022, is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law and in the exercise of discretion, without costs or disbursements, the father's petition is reinstated, and the matter is remitted to the Family Court, Queens County, for a new hearing on the father's petition, before a different Court Attorney Referee, to be conducted with all deliberate speed, and a new determination thereafter; and it is further,

Ordered that pending the new hearing and determination of the father's petition, the mother shall continue to have residential custody of the parties' child, and the parental access schedule set forth in the order dated July 18, 2022, shall continue.

The mother and the father have one child together, born in 2014. In August 2017, the father filed a petition for parental access with the child. In an order dated July 20, 2018 (hereinafter the July 2018 order), the Family Court awarded the parties joint legal custody of the child, with residential custody to the mother and parental access to the father. The July 2018 order is unclear as to whether it was entered upon the mother's default or with her consent. In any event, according to the father, the mother moved from Queens to New Jersey with the child in or about February 2021. That same month, following a dispute between the parties, the mother refused to produce the child for parental access with the father.

In April 2021, the father filed a petition to modify the July 2018 order so as to award him sole legal and residential custody of the child. On October 14, 2021, the mother and the father appeared virtually before the Family Court, and the court issued a temporary order of parental access, reiterating the terms of the July 2018 order, albeit with one change to the father's parental access [*2]schedule. According to the father, the mother thereafter generally complied with the temporary order of parental access and produced the child for parental access with him until another dispute between the parties arose in December 2021, at which point the mother again failed to produce the child.

A hearing was scheduled on the father's petition to be held on February 1, 2022. However, the mother failed to appear thereat, and, as a result, the Family Court directed the parties to appear for an inquest on May 3, 2022. On that date, the court conducted the inquest as scheduled, and the mother again failed to appear. The mother's attorney indicated, among other things, that she had recently spoken with the mother and had no "explanation as to [the mother's] absence." The attorney for the child indicated that he had last communicated with the child approximately one month earlier, stating, with regard to the child's wishes and current circumstances, only that she "wasn't that verbal about a position [but] she seemed happy with the current arrangement." The court then heard testimony from the father, the only witness to testify at the inquest. On the same date as the inquest, the court issued an order directing the Administration for Children's Services (hereinafter ACS) to conduct an investigation into this matter and a warrant for the mother's arrest. On May 25, 2022, ACS produced a report, noting, inter alia, that it was unable to locate the mother or interview the child. The record contains no indication regarding what, if anything, occurred in response to the issuance of the warrant.

In an order dated July 18, 2022, the Family Court, in effect, denied the father's petition to modify the July 2018 order so as to award him sole legal and residential custody of the child, while also setting forth a new parental access schedule. The court concluded that a change in circumstances existed to warrant modification of the July 2018 order, but that it did not "believe" that the child's best interests would be served by a change in custody because "the attorney for the child ha[d] not had an opportunity to interview the subject child and the [c]ourt [wa]s [therefore] unaware of . . . the subject child's position." The father appeals.

"In order to modify an existing custody or parental access arrangement, there must be a showing of a change in circumstances such that modification is required to protect the best interests of the child" (Matter of LaPera v Restivo, 202 AD3d 788, 789 [2022]). "The required change in circumstances may be found to exist," among other circumstances, "where the parties' relationship has deteriorated to a point where there is no meaningful communication or cooperation for the sake of the children" (Matter of Liang v O'Brien, 216 AD3d 1101, 1101 [2023]). In any event, "[t]he paramount concern when making such a determination is the best interests of the child under the totality of the circumstances" (Matter of Cabano v Petrella, 169 AD3d 901, 902 [2019]). When deciding whether a modification is in a child's best interests, "[f]actors to be considered include the quality of the home environment and the parental guidance the custodial parent provides for the child, the ability of each parent to provide for the child's emotional and intellectual development, the financial status and ability of each parent to provide for the child, the relative fitness of the respective parents, and the effect an award of custody to one parent might have on the child's relationship with the other parent" (Matter of Smith v Francis, 206 AD3d 914, 915-916 [2022] [internal quotation marks omitted]). "Stability and continuity in a child's life are important factors" (Matter of Olivieri v Olivieri, 170 AD3d 849, 850 [2019]), as are "the child's wishes," which become more important "as a child ages and matures" (Matter of Acosta v Lorber-Acosta, 178 AD3d 1031, 1034 [2019]). In addition, "the child's best interests [generally] lie in her [or him] being nurtured and guided by both natural parents, and in order for the noncustodial parent to develop a meaningful, nurturing relationship with the child, parental access must be frequent and regular" (Matter of Cabano v Petrella, 169 AD3d at 902 [citation, alterations, and internal quotation marks omitted]). "The existence or absence of any one factor in determining custody cannot be determinative on appellate review since the court is to consider the totality of the circumstances" (Matter of Pierce v Caputo, 214 AD3d 877, 878 [2023] [internal quotation marks omitted]).

"[T]his Court's authority in custody determinations is as broad as that of the hearing court, and while we are mindful that the hearing court has an advantage in being able to observe the demeanor and assess the credibility of witnesses, the hearing court's determination will not be affirmed if it lacks a sound and substantial basis in the record" (Matter of Smith v Francis, 206 AD3d at 916 [internal quotation marks omitted]). "Custody determinations should generally be made only after a full and plenary hearing" (Matter of Liang v O'Brien, 216 AD3d at 1101).[*3]"Effective appellate review, especially in proceedings involving child custody determinations, requires that appropriate factual findings be made by the trial court—the court best able to measure the credibility of the witnesses" (Matter of Georgiou-Ely v Ely, 194 AD3d 715, 716 [2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]). "Since a court has an obligation to make an objective and independent evaluation of the circumstances, a custody determination should be made only after a full and fair hearing at which the record is fully developed. This allows the court to fulfill its duty to make an enlightened, objective and independent evaluation of the circumstances" (Matter of Pinto v Pinto, 177 AD3d 746, 747-748 [2019] [citations and internal quotation marks omitted]).

Here, the Family Court properly determined that a change in circumstances existed to warrant modification of the July 2018 order based, inter alia, upon the deterioration of the parties' relationship and the mother's alleged interference with the father's parental access rights (see Matter of Liang v O'Brien, 216 AD3d at 1101; Matter of Pierce v Caputo, 214 AD3d at 878-879; Matter of Williams v Norfleet, 140 AD3d 1078, 1079 [2016]). However, under the circumstances, the court improvidently exercised its discretion in denying the father's petition and concluding, based on the record before it, that the child's best interests were not served by a change in custody (see Matter of Georgiou-Ely v Ely, 194 AD3d at 716; Matter of Stramezzi v Scozzari, 106 AD3d 748, 750 [2013]; cf. Matter of Frankiv v Kalitka, 105 AD3d 1045, 1046 [2013]).

As the father correctly asserts, "[a] custodial parent's interference with the relationship between a child and the noncustodial parent is deemed an act so inconsistent with the best interests of the children as to, per se, raise a strong probability that the offending party is unfit to act as custodial parent" (Matter of Brown v Simon, 195 AD3d 806, 821 [2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]). Here, the unrebutted evidence in the record reveals that the mother has repeatedly interfered in the father's relationship with the child, to the detriment of both the father and the child. Moreover, the mother's failure to appear at two scheduled court proceedings raises serious concerns about her fitness. However, "a finding of parental interference or alienation does not justify applying a per se rule requiring a change of custody, or even a rebuttable presumption that custody should be changed. Rather, such a finding constitutes one fact, albeit an important one, in determining the best interests of the child[ ]" (id. [citations, emphasis, and internal quotation marks omitted]). After all, "[r]eversal or modification of an existing custody order should not be a weapon wielded as a means of punishing a recalcitrant or contemptuous parent," and the focus must instead be on the best interests of the child (Matter of Ross v Ross, 185 AD3d 595, 596 [2020] [internal quotations marks omitted]).

Unfortunately, "the record is insufficient to allow us to make a fully informed determination as to what custody arrangement would be in the [child's] best interests" (Matter of Stramezzi v Scozzari, 106 AD3d at 750; see Matter of Georgiou-Ely v Ely, 194 AD3d at 716). For example, although the attorney for the child indicated that he spoke to the child prior to the inquest, he provided almost no information regarding the child's wishes or her current living situation with the mother (see Matter of David v LoPresti, 176 AD3d 701, 703 [2019]; Matter of Savoca v Bellofatto, 104 AD3d 695, 696 [2013]). The Family Court recognized this deficiency in the record, yet there is no indication that the court attempted to "meet in camera with the child to aid it in determining her best interests" (Matter of David v LoPresti, 176 AD3d at 703; see Matter of Badal v Wilkinson, 213 AD3d 926, 927 [2023]; Matter of Stramezzi v Scozzari, 106 AD3d at 750). In light of the time that has passed since the court's determination, the child's wishes are now of all the more import, even if they are not alone determinative (see Matter of Acosta v Lorber-Acosta, 178 AD3d at 1034).

Moreover, the hearing conducted by the Family Court was otherwise relatively "abbreviated," and the evidence deduced thereat generally "insufficient to make an informed best interests determination" (Matter of Nalty v Kong, 59 AD3d 723, 724 [2009] [internal quotation marks omitted]). The testimony obtained from the father was not clear regarding, among other things, the school that the child would attend or medical care that would be available to her, if the court were to award him custody (cf. Matter of Morgan v Eckles, 214 AD3d 983, 985 [2023]; Matter of McCall v McCandlish, 207 AD3d 725, 727 [2022]). Although the father offered testimony indicating that various family members would play a significant role in helping him raise the child, the court did not hear testimony, for example, from the paternal grandmother. Nor was there any inquiry into or factual [*4]findings by the court relating to prior domestic abuse allegations by the father and the mother against each other, including what impact, if any, those alleged incidents may have had on the child. The record is also devoid of any material information relating to the child's circumstances while residing with the mother. While the mother's default in appearing before the court is in part to blame for this deficiency, and ACS was unable to make contact with her in the course of its investigation, the record also indicates that she emailed the court on at least one occasion and provided a telephone number, appeared at the October 14, 2021 proceeding that resulted in the temporary order of parental access, and was in contact with her attorney shortly prior to the inquest. It is therefore unclear whether other efforts could be made to secure the necessary information, including, for example, by issuing an order directing a forensic examination (see Matter of Mondschein v Mondschein, 195 AD3d 1025, 1027 [2021]).

Finally, the attorney for the child has not provided this Court with any updated information regarding the child, nor does the record otherwise contain any such information. The attorney for the child has also failed to explain the change in his position. He advised the Family Court, at the close of the inquest, that he supported the father's petition, yet he now opposes the petition on appeal. The attorney for the child's remaining contention is unpreserved for appellate review and, in any event, without merit.

Accordingly, under the circumstances, we reverse the order dated July 18, 2022, insofar as appealed from and remit the matter to the Family Court, Queens County, to conduct a new hearing to be held with all convenient speed and to otherwise develop a sufficient record to determine whether the child's best interests warrant a change in custody. In addition, we deem it appropriate to remit the matter for further proceedings before a different Court Attorney Referee (see Matter of Thomson v Battle, 99 AD3d 804, 807 [2012]; Matter of Nalty v Kong, 59 AD3d at 724). To the extent diligent efforts are made to interview the child and obtain necessary information from the mother but those efforts are not successful, and to the extent the mother is still refusing to produce the child for parental access with the father by the time of the new hearing, the court, upon rendering a new determination of the father's petition, should consider, among other things, the impact the mother's interference with the father's right of parental access has on her fitness as a parent (see Matter of Gayle v Muir, 211 AD3d 942, 944 [2022]; Alvarez v Alvarez, 114 AD3d 889, 891-892 [2014]; Matter of Feliccia v Spahn, 108 AD3d 702, 703 [2013]). Dillon, J.P., Chambers, Genovesi and Ventura, JJ., concur.