In the Matter of Pat Sica, Respondent, v Thomas P. DiNapoli, as State Comptroller, Appellant.

Argued January 2, 2018; decided February 13, 2018

Matter of Kelly v DiNapoli, 137 AD3d 1470, affirmed.

Matter of Sica v DiNapoli, 141 AD3d 799, reversed.

In these appeals, we are asked to determine whether petitioners, both first responders, established entitlement to accidental disability retirement benefits by demonstrating that they were incapacitated "as the natural and proximate result of an accident . . . sustained in . . . service" (Retirement and Social Security Law § 363 [a] [1]). Because petitioners did not demonstrate that their injuries were caused by sudden, unexpected events that were not risks inherent in their ordinary job duties, we conclude that neither petitioner established entitlement to the benefits sought. Therefore, we affirm in Matter of Kelly v DiNapoli and reverse in Matter of Sica v DiNapoli.

James J. Kelly was a Town of Orangetown police officer who was on duty when Hurricane Sandy struck the area. After he was directed by his supervisor to take cover and respond only to life-threatening calls, Kelly and [*2]another officer were dispatched to a residence on which a tree had fallen, trapping the residents inside. Upon arriving at the residence, Kelly observed that a tree had knocked down half of the roof, a rear wall and a side wall, that rain was pouring into the residence, that there were downed wires, and that the structure appeared to be "very unstable."

Kelly called the fire department—to request that the department's technical response unit perform the actual rescue—and sought ambulances and additional police personnel. Given the extreme conditions created by the hurricane, Kelly estimated that it would take approximately two hours for the technical response unit to arrive, and other officers were instructed not to respond. Therefore, he entered the unstable building in response to "blood-curdling screams" for help.

Upon entering the structure, Kelly saw that a resident "had been impaled and put through the floor into the basement." {**30 NY3d at 679}Kelly climbed on top of a pile of debris and started throwing debris out of the back of the house in order to rescue the people who were underneath the pile. He felt a pain in his shoulder, but ignored it in an attempt to free the residents. Shortly thereafter, a rafter that was dangling from the portion of the roof that was still intact began to fall, and Kelly reached up to brace the rafter, further injuring his shoulder and neck. Kelly explained that, if he had not braced the falling rafter, debris would have landed on the other officer who was assisting in digging out the family. Kelly and the other officer were able to rescue one of the residents and partially extricate another during the time that they were in the structure before the fire department arrived. Kelly then exited the residence and the fire department extricated the remaining resident.

Following a hearing on Kelly's application for accidental disability retirement benefits based upon the injuries he sustained during the rescue, a Hearing Officer determined that the injury-causing incident was an "accident" within the meaning of Retirement and Social Security Law § 363 because "[e]ntering that unstable structure was not within [petitioner's] regular and usual duties." Respondent Comptroller overruled the Hearing Officer's determination, concluding that Kelly failed to meet his burden of proving that his injury resulted from an "accident."

Kelly then commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding, challenging respondent's determination. Upon transfer, the Appellate Division confirmed the determination and dismissed the proceeding, with two Justices dissenting (137 AD3d 1470 [3d Dept 2016]). The Court held that Kelly's injury resulted from a risk inherent in his employment as a police officer, whose duty it was to assist injured persons, and rejected any argument that Kelly's response was outside the scope of his job duties, noting that his supervisors had instructed him to respond to emergency calls involving life and limb (see id. at 1471-1472).

Petitioner appealed to this Court as of right.

Pat Sica, a firefighter with the City of Yonkers, was injured when responding to a medical emergency—a 911 call indicating that an individual was having difficulty breathing at a local supermarket. Sica and his other crew members found two unconscious individuals, one inside and one outside a walk-in freezer. Sica performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation for approximately{**30 NY3d at 680} 25 to 30 minutes on the individual inside the freezer and then assisted the other unconscious individual. Sica did not smell any odors or chemicals; nor did he see or hear anything indicating that chemicals might be involved in the incident. However, shortly after assisting the unconscious individuals, Sica began to feel nauseous and light-headed and was taken to the emergency room. It was later determined that he had been exposed to toxic gases, which were present in both the supermarket and the walk-in freezer as a result of the individuals cleaning the freezer.

Sica applied for accidental disability retirement benefits, claiming that he had suffered permanent injuries as a result of the incident. At the ensuing hearing, Sica acknowledged that his duties as a firefighter included responding to calls requesting emergency medical assistance, and that he had received training in handling chemical spills or leaks, as well as hazardous materials. The Hearing Officer concluded that the incident constituted an "accident," because "the injury resulted from an unexpected and unforeseeable event, which arose during the performance of [Sica's] routine employment duties." Respondent Comptroller overruled the Hearing Officer's [*3]determination, concluding that Sica failed to meet his burden of proving that his injury resulted from an accident sustained in service.

After Sica commenced the instant CPLR article 78 proceeding, upon transfer, the Appellate Division annulled respondent's determination and remitted the matter to respondent to consider the issues raised by Sica regarding the application of the "Heart Presumption" contained in Retirement and Social Security Law § 363-a (141 AD3d 799, 801 [3d Dept 2016]). The Court concluded that Sica "was not responding to a fire that presented the inherent and foreseeable risk of inhaling toxic gases or smoke," and that he "was neither aware that the air within the supermarket contained toxic chemical gases, nor did he have any information that could reasonably have led him to anticipate, expect[,] or foresee the precise hazard when responding to the medical emergency at the supermarket" (id. at 800 [citations omitted]).

This Court granted respondent leave to appeal.

Retirement and Social Security Law § 363 (a) (1) provides that a member of the police and firefighters' retirement system{**30 NY3d at 681}

"shall be entitled to an accidental disability retirement allowance if, at the time application therefor is filed, [the member] is . . .

"[p]hysically or mentally incapacitated for performance of duty as the natural and proximate result of an accident not caused by [the member's] own willful negligence sustained in such service."^[FN1]

Under Lichtenstein and McCambridge, an injury-causing event is accidental when it is sudden, unexpected and not a risk of the work performed, but the "focus[ ]" of the determination must be on "the precipitating cause of injury," rather than on "the petitioner's job assignment" (McCambridge, 62 NY2d at 567). Thus, in Lichtenstein, the Court upheld the denial of benefits where the petitioner, a police officer, was injured while leaning over the hood of a car to place a traffic ticket on the windshield (see 57 NY2d at 1012; see also Matter of Valentin v Board of Trustees of N.Y. City Employees' Retirement Sys., 59 NY2d 702 [1983], affg for reasons stated below 91 AD2d 916 [1st Dept 1983] [application denied where sanitation workers sustained disabling injuries while lifting heavy bags and trash cans]; Matter of Schussler v Codd, 59 NY2d 698 [1983] [police officer's application denied where loss of hearing resulted from weekly practice sessions on pistol range]; Matter of Menna v New York City Employees' Retirement Sys., 59 NY2d 696 [1983], affg for reasons stated below 91 AD2d 537 [1st Dept 1982] [application denied where Housing Authority patrolman was injured while placing a spare tire into trunk of patrol car]). In contrast, in McCambridge, the Court held that the petitioners had demonstrated that their injuries were accidental as a matter of law^[FN2] where they were injured (1) getting up from a desk when the officer on whom the [*5]petitioner was leaning suddenly{**30 NY3d at 683} moved away, causing the petitioner to fall, and (2) after slipping and falling on wet pavement while getting into a patrol car on a rainy day (see 62 NY2d at 568, revg 94 AD2d 623, 632 [1st Dept 1983]).

Thereafter, applying the principles set forth in McCambridge and Lichtenstein, this Court concluded as a matter of law in Matter of Pratt v Regan that a firefighter "coming down hard upon the other foot in a pothole" after "[c]atching a heel on a running board and thus losing balance" was not only "sudden" but also an "unexpected event" because it was not "a risk of the work performed" (68 NY2d 746, 747-748 [1986]; see Matter of Pastalove v Kelly, 120 AD3d 419, 420-421 [1st Dept 2014]; Matter of Sullivan v Regan, 133 AD2d 993, 994 [3d Dept 1987]). In contrast, even when an incident "constituted a sudden, inopportune, fortuitous mischance," we upheld a denial of benefits on the ground that the "event . . . was a risk inherent in [the] petitioner's regular duties" and, therefore, could not be deemed "unexpected" (Matter of Hambel v Regan, 174 AD2d 891, 892-893 [3d Dept 1991], affd for reasons stated below 78 NY2d 1092 [1991] [siren sounding when officer was only 60 feet from it was sudden but not unexpected; rather it was a risk inherent in the officer's regular duties]; see also Matter of Kehoe v City of New York, 81 NY2d 815, 817 [1993] [upholding a denial of benefits because "(n)o evidence was presented refuting respondent('s) . . . claim that petitioner's injuries resulted solely from the performance of his usual duties as a sanitation worker"]). Similarly, in Matter of Starnella v Bratton (92 NY2d 836 [1998]), this Court concluded, as a matter of law, that a slip and fall on water in a bathroom constituted an accident because it was "no less a sudden and unexpected event" than the "slip[ ] and fall[ ] on wet pavement on a rainy day" at issue in McCambridge; however, the Court held that "[a] fall down the stairs as a result of one's own misstep, without more, is not so out-of-the-ordinary or unexpected as to constitute an accidental injury as a matter of law" (id. at 839; see Matter of Kenny v DiNapoli, 11 NY3d 873, 874 [2008]; Matter of Lassen v Hevesi, 9 AD3d 780, 781 [3d Dept 2004]; cf. Matter of Balduzzi v {**30 NY3d at 684}McCall, 220 AD2d 796, 797 [3d Dept 1995]). Critically, the Court reemphasized in Starnella that the dispositive question is whether injury was caused by " 'a precipitating accidental event . . . which was not a risk of the work performed' " (id. at 839, quoting McCambridge, 62 NY2d at 568 [emphasis added]).

Continuing to apply the principles first set forth in McCambridge and Lichtenstein—and reiterated in our subsequent cases—we conclude that substantial evidence supports respondent's determinations that neither petitioner in the cases before us was injured as the result of an "accident" because there were no " 'precipitating accidental event[s] . . . which w[ere] not a risk of the work performed' " (Starnella, 92 NY2d at 839, quoting McCambridge, 62 NY2d at 568). It is well settled that " '[s]ubstantial evidence consists of proof within the whole record of such quality and quantity as to generate conviction in and persuade a fair and detached fact finder that, from that proof as a premise, a conclusion or ultimate fact may be extracted reasonably—probatively and logically' " (Matter of Yoga Vida NYC, Inc. [Commissioner of Labor], 28 NY3d 1013, 1015 [2016], quoting 300 Gramatan Ave. Assoc. v State Div. of Human Rights, 45 NY2d 176, 181 [1978]). The standard is not an exacting one; it "is less than a preponderance of the evidence . . . [and] demands only that a given inference is reasonable and plausible, not necessarily the most probable" (Matter of Ridge Rd. Fire Dist. v Schiano, 16 NY3d 494, 499 [2011] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]). Ultimately, "[r]ationality is what is reviewed under . . . the substantial evidence rule" (Matter of Pell v Board of Educ. of Union Free School Dist. No. 1 of Towns of Scarsdale & Mamaroneck, Westchester County, 34 NY2d 222, 231 [1974]). Viewing the records as a whole, respondent's determinations that petitioners did not meet their burden of proving that their incapacitation resulted from an accident sustained in service were rational.

[*6]Specifically, respondent could rationally conclude based on the records that, when injured, petitioners were acting within the scope of their "ordinary employment duties, considered in view of the particular employment in question," and that there was no sudden, unexpected event that was not an inherent risk of petitioners' regular duties (Lichtenstein, 57 NY2d at 1012). In Matter of Kelly, the claimed accidental event was the rafter falling toward Kelly's colleague as he attempted{**30 NY3d at 685} to extricate the trapped family members. Respondent concluded that, as a police officer, Kelly was expected to assist injured persons, and that responding to emergencies is among the ordinary duties of police officers. Respondent found that, on the night in question, Kelly was instructed to respond to life-threatening emergencies, including the directive to assist injured persons at "a house that had been caved in by a falling tree." It is not disputed that Kelly was acting within the scope of his job duties when he responded to that emergency call. In light of the foregoing, while a different result would not have been unreasonable, there is substantial evidence in the record to support the determination that Kelly's actions in assisting the injured residents of the house during life-threatening conditions fell within his job duties, and that his injuries did not result from a sudden, unexpected event that was not a risk inherent in his duties as a police officer (see Matter of Lenci v DiNapoli, 92 AD3d 1078 [3d Dept 2012]).

In Matter of Sica, the alleged accident was exposure to toxic fumes in the supermarket, leading to a disabling heart condition. Respondent noted that, as a participant in an emergency medical response team, Sica was fulfilling his regular duties as a firefighter in responding to the 911 call. Respondent further found that exposure to toxic chemicals was a risk for which Sica had been trained, that he had responded to a gas leak in the past, and that his job duties specifically required "working with exposure to . . . fumes, explosives, toxic materials, chemicals and corrosives," the particular risk that caused Sica's injury. Inasmuch as it is not unexpected that a firefighter whose job duties required him to respond to emergency medical calls would be exposed to toxic fumes in responding to a call for difficulty breathing, respondent rationally concluded that Sica's injuries were the result of a risk inherent in his ordinary duties as a firefighter (see Matter of Huether v Regan, 155 AD2d 860, 861 [3d Dept 1989], lv denied 75 NY2d 705 [1990]).^[FN3]

{**30 NY3d at 686}In short, substantial evidence supports respondent's determinations that the precipitating causes of petitioners' injuries were not accidents because they did not consist of sudden, unexpected events that were not risks inherent in, respectively, Kelly's job as a police officer requiring him to assist injured persons as a first responder and Sica's job as a firefighter requiring him to provide emergency medical services. Kelly's remaining arguments lack merit and Sica's alternative arguments are not properly before us. Accordingly, the judgment in Kelly should be affirmed, with costs, and the judgment in Sica should be reversed, with costs, and the petition dismissed.

Wilson, J. (dissenting in Matter of Kelly, concurring in Matter of Sica).

I concur with the majority in Matter of Sica v DiNapoli. Because the Comptroller's determination there was a reasonable exercise of his discretion, Mr. Sica is not entitled to accidental disability benefits. However, I dissent from the court's decision in Matter of Kelly v DiNapoli; under any standard, his injury should be deemed accidental. Moreover, the entire statutory scheme concerning accidental and performance of duty disability desperately needs legislative attention. Even a cursory survey of case law reveals gross, inexplicable inconsistencies, largely derived from the law itself. The legislative scheme is difficult to apply in the context of inherently hazardous employment, and the legislative history offers no guidance. The courts have added to the confusion, to the point that it is almost a guessing game when trying to decide how cases will be resolved.

While awaiting legislative action, courts should focus on: (i) whether the nature of the hazard is part of the bargained-for risks of the job and (ii) whether it is truly unexpected and out of the ordinary, or rather is part of the ordinary risks of daily life. If the hazard is outside both of those realms, accidental disability applies. In that regard, it is important to remember{**30 NY3d at 687} that performance of duty injuries are compensable, but at a rate that is generally less favorable than accidental injuries. Although grey cases will always exist, the above taxonomy is straightforward and consistent with the policy objectives behind providing disability payments to injured employees.

In Sica, I agree with the majority that the Comptroller's decision should be reinstated. The case turns on whether Mr. Sica—whose job involves both fighting fires and responding to medical emergencies—was acting as a firefighter or EMS worker, or whether the jobs are, in his case, inseparable. As a firefighter, job-related exposure to toxic fumes is to be expected, and firefighters receive relevant training (Mr. Sica testified as much) and are provided protective gear to don when appropriate. The same may not be true for an EMS worker who is not also a firefighter. The Comptroller's determination here—that Mr. Sica's training and experience as both a firefighter and EMS worker rendered his injury within the scope of his job, rather than an accident—is a factual determination that requires deference if supported by the record, which it is.

I disagree, however, with the majority's decision as to Officer Kelly. While on duty during a hurricane when the police force generally was instructed to shelter in place, Officer Kelly was dispatched to a house partially collapsed by a tree. The tree had killed the father and trapped three family members, including young children, under debris. Consistent with protocol, Officer Kelly called for the fire department, EMS, and ambulances; however, the fire department and ambulances were reported to be two hours distant due to the hurricane. When Officers Kelly and Atchinson arrived, they heard screaming and saw that the house was partially collapsed, with water streaming through the roof. Although rescue in that situation is a job for firefighters, not police, fearing further injury to or death of the family because of the unavailability of the fire department, the officers attempted a rescue. During the rescue, a rafter suddenly gave way. To block it from falling on Officer Atchinson and the trapped girl, Officer Kelly blocked it with his forearm, saving them but permanently disabling himself. Although the Hearing Officer recommended approving his accidental disability request, the Comptroller denied it on the{**30 NY3d at 688} ground that responding to emergencies is an ordinary duty of police officers.

The Comptroller's rationale is unsupportable as a matter of law, because it rests on the proposition that, because police officers have emergency response as part of their jobs, anything that happens to them as part of responding to an emergency is not an "accident." Instead, to determine whether an occurrence is an accident we ask whether, in the totality of the circumstances and in light of the employee's regular job duties, it was a "sudden, fortuitous mischance, unexpected, out of the ordinary, and injurious in impact" (Matter of Lichtenstein v Board of Trustees of Police Pension Fund of Police Dept. of City of N.Y., Art. II, 57 NY2d 1010, 1012 [1982]). Here, the confluence of factors (hurricane, family trapped in damaged house, unavailability of fire and EMS, beam falling directly on Officer Atchinson and trapped girl) is well within that definition—certainly more so than a police detective getting up from a desk chair and twisting his knee, which we held to be accidental in Matter of McCambridge v McGuire (62 NY2d 563, 567 [1984]).

Precedent offers little help in deciding this case. Although we have instructed courts to apply the above "commonsense" definition of accident, the oft-irreconcilable results seem anything but. A slip on a pool of water in the bathroom or on wet pavement is an accident (see Matter of Starnella v Bratton, 92 NY2d 836, 839 [1998]; McCambridge, 62 NY2d at 567), but a supervisor's fall on uneven pavement while searching for a prowler at night is not (see Matter of Fischer v New York State Comptroller, 46 AD3d 1006 [3d Dept 2007]). A trip-and-fall over a tangle of wires in a women's locker room while performing a security inspection is an accident (see Matter of Flannelly v Board of Trustees of N.Y. City Police Pension Fund, 278 AD2d 113, 113 [1st Dept 2000]), but a firefighter's fall through a hole under a burning mattress is not (see Matter of Purcell v DiNapoli, 81 AD3d 1069, 1070 [3d Dept 2011]).

An officer injured when leaning over a car to place a ticket is not the victim of an accident (see Lichtenstein, 57 NY2d at 1012), but one who stumbles and falls when arising from his desk chair is (see McCambridge, 62 NY2d at 567). Injury to a police officer standing on a ladder to install a heavy bag at the police chief's request is accidental, because such work "is more {**30 NY3d at 689}appropriately performed by individuals . . . such as contractors or building maintenance workers" (see Matter of Brown v Hevesi, 19 AD3d 858, 859 [3d Dept 2005]), yet a firefighter's injury caused by standing on a box of toilet paper to reach a high shelf is not accidental (see Matter of Weisensel v Hevesi, 8 AD3d 880, 880 [3d Dept 2004]). If your superior officer gives you a choice between participating in a boxing match or a tug-of-war, pick the boxing match, because injury in the former, but not the latter, qualifies as accidental (see Matter of Carr v Ward, 119 AD2d 163, 165 [1st Dept 1986]; Matter of Beachy v Regan, 119 AD2d 967, 968-969 [3d Dept 1986]).

Potholes have proved particularly precarious (compare Matter of Pratt v Regan, 68 NY2d 746, 747-748 [1986] ["Catching a heel on a running board and thus losing balance may be a risk of the work performed, but coming down hard upon the other foot in a pothole is not. Thus, it was a sudden, unexpected event"], with Matter of Coon v New York State Comptroller, 30 AD3d 884, 885 [3d Dept 2006] ["Stepping into a pothole while directing traffic is clearly a risk of the work performed by police officers" and not accidental], and Matter of O'Donnell v New York State & Local Retirement Sys., 249 AD2d 607, 607 [3d Dept 1998] [firefighter's fall "into a hole on a torn-up sidewalk" was "result of . . . a risk inherent in the [*7]duties of a firefighter and did not constitute an accident"]). Animal feces, too, have caused quite a mess (compare Matter of Fiducia v DiNapoli, 111 AD3d 1018 [3d Dept 2013] [police officer's slip down the stairs of an abandoned building occasioned by stepping on dog feces was not an accident], with Matter of Bridgwood v Board of Trustees of N.Y. City Fire Dept., Art. 1-B Pension Fund, 204 AD2d 629 [2d Dept 1994] [firefighter's slip on animal feces while dismounting from firefighting apparatus was an accident]).

Much of the problem is due to the structure and history of Retirement and Social Security Law § 363. In 1984, the legislature created performance of duty disability retirement benefits, and simultaneously eliminated accidental disability retirement benefits for persons hired after January 1, 1985 (L 1984, ch 661, § 1, codified at Retirement and Social Security Law § 363-c). Subsequently, the legislature reenacted accidental disability retirement benefits for police officers and firefighters, without explaining how the two tiers should interact or why those injured by means of an "accident"—particularly ones of the sort that occur in everyday life, such as{**30 NY3d at 690} slipping, tripping and falling—should receive greater benefits than officers or firefighters injured when engaged in heroic efforts (see L 1998, ch 489, § 1, codified at Retirement and Social Security Law § 444 [c]). Currently, Retirement and Social Security Law § 363 awards greater disability benefits to officers who are injured due to "accidents" than to those injured in the performance of duty, absent any accident. The results often defy common sense: Officer Kelly would have received greater compensation if he had slipped when getting up from his chair, tripped over VCR cables in the police station, or backed into a spectator during a police-sponsored boxing match, than the majority now gives him for risking his life to save a family and his fellow officer during an unprecedented hurricane when no other help was available. Our case law consistently documents this absurd unfairness.

Ideally, the legislature would act to provide some clear rules. Given the legislative scheme as it exists, we ask two questions. First, whether persons in the employee's line of work should reasonably expect to face the sort of hazard that injured the petitioner—i.e., was it part of the bargained-for risks of the job? Police officers and firefighters have inherently dangerous jobs, and certain risks are to be expected. A police officer shot by a suspect is not the victim of an accident, nor is one who is injured by a crash in a high-speed car chase, even though we conventionally call the latter an "accident." Those are risks expected in the nature of the work, and officers contemplate and are compensated for such risks, by way of salary, benefits and performance-of-duty disability. In those cases, accidental disability should not apply. However, some risks must be outside the realm of the ordinary duties of police officers and firefighters, else first responders could never suffer an accident while responding to an emergency.

Second, if the risk is outside the bargained-for risks of the job, we ask whether it is sufficiently out of the ordinary risks of everyday life to constitute an accident. In this regard, the existing case law holds that "[a]n injury occurring as the result of the petitioner's own misstep or inattention does not constitute an accident so as to qualify for benefits in accord with the provisions of this law" (Matter of Meyer v New York State Comptroller, 92 AD3d 1122, 1122-1123 [3d Dept 2012]; see also e.g. Matter of{**30 NY3d at 691} Dilello v DiNapoli, 83 AD3d 1361, 1362 [3d Dept 2011]; Matter of Biondi v McCall, 239 AD2d 837, 838 [3d Dept 1997]). Again the case law is full of oddities. In Starnella, we concluded that an on-duty police officer's fall down a flight of stairs "as a result of [his] own misstep," was "not so out-of-the-ordinary or unexpected as to constitute an accidental injury" (Starnella, 92 NY2d at 839), while it has been held that a firefighter whose foot gave way on a slippery substance that blended in with the roadway was injured in an accident, despite the commonplace nature of the incident (see Matter of Sammon v DiNapoli, 97 AD3d 952, 953 [3d Dept 2012]). If these cases are reconcilable, no explanation grounded in policy has been offered for the choices that courts have made. Until the legislature acts to address the standard, the test is whether the event precipitating the injury was so "unexpected, out of the ordinary" (Lichtenstein at 1012) as to constitute an accident.

Taken together, if the hazard falls outside of both the bargained-for risks of the job and everyday risks, the petitioner should be entitled to enhanced accidental benefits. Under this framework, Officer Kelly would receive accidental disability benefits. Applying step one, the hazard was outside of the bargained-for risks of his job. [*8]Officer Kelly is not a firefighter (if he were, the result would be different). Although police officers' duties include assisting injured persons and requesting medical assistance, entering collapsing buildings and fending off falling rafters during a hurricane when fire and EMS workers are not available is not an ordinary part of their jobs. Indeed, the uncontroverted record evidence is that Officer Kelly would not have been disciplined had he remained outside the house, leaving the family to whatever fate lay ahead. When other help is unavailable, officers may have no choice but to try to rescue people and I, for one, hope that they will feel and act as Officer Kelly did. But that is an extraordinary job hazard, not an ordinary one. As Officer Kelly testified, the protocol was to call for the fire department and maintain the perimeter until technical support arrived. He had no training in entering collapsing buildings, but he felt he "had no choice" but to try to save the family. On that day, Officer Kelly took the place of a firefighter, bearing risks of a job that was not his own.

Turning to step two, the hazard was certainly "out of the ordinary." In the ordinary course of our lives, we bend over; we rise from chairs; we walk down steps, some of which were previously visited by dogs; but we do not save lives by deflecting{**30 NY3d at 692} burning beams in collapsing homes during a hurricane—we imagine that for superheroes.

In Matter of Kelly v DiNapoli: Judgment affirmed, with costs.

Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Rivera, Garcia and Feinman concur. Judge Wilson dissents in an opinion, in which Judge Fahey concurs.

In Matter of Sica v DiNapoli: Judgment reversed, with costs, and petition dismissed.

Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Rivera, Garcia, Fahey, Wilson and Feinman concur, Judge Wilson in a concurring opinion, in which Judge Fahey concurs.