Nomura Home Equity Loan, Inc., Series 2007-3, by HSBC Bank USA, National Association, Solely in its Capacity as Trustee, Respondent, v  Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc., Appellant.

Nomura Asset Acceptance Corporation Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2006-AF2, by HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as Trustee, Respondent, v  Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc., Appellant.

Nomura Home Equity Loan, Inc., Home Equity Loan Trust, Series 2007-2, by HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as Trustee, Respondent, v  Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc., Appellant.

Argued March 22, 2017; reargued November 14, 2017; decided December 12, 2017

Nomura Home Equity Loan, Inc., Series 2006-FM2 v Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc., 133 AD3d 96, modified.

In these appeals stemming from four residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) transactions, we are asked to decide whether claims for general contract damages based on alleged breaches of a "no untrue statement" provision can withstand a motion to dismiss based on a contract provision mandating cure or repurchase as the sole remedy for breaches of mortgage loan-specific representations and warranties. We hold that, inasmuch as the claims for general contract damages at issue here are grounded in alleged breaches of the mortgage loan-specific representations and warranties to which the limited remedy fashioned by the sophisticated parties applies, plaintiffs' claims for general contract damages should be dismissed.

In each of the RMBS transactions at issue, defendant Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc. selected and sold a pool of mortgage loans through an affiliated limited-purpose company to a securitization trust in exchange for money raised from investors. Defendant, as sponsor of the securitizations, acquired the mortgage loans from institutions that made the loans to individual borrowers, and then sold the pool of loans to an affiliated purchaser, known as a depositor, with the sale{**30 NY3d at 578} of each loan pool occurring pursuant to its own mortgage loan purchase agreement (MLPA). In turn, the depositor placed each pool of loans into a separate trust, with plaintiff HSBC Bank USA, National Association (HSBC) as the trustee, in accordance with four pooling and service agreements (PSAs).

A forensic analysis of some of the underlying mortgage loans conducted by certain investors following the subsequent collapse of the housing market allegedly revealed that many of those loans did not conform to representations and warranties made by defendant. After providing notice of the breaches and an opportunity to cure, HSBC, as trustee of the securitization trusts, commenced this litigation by bringing an action on behalf of each trust.

HSBC asserted causes of action for breach of the MLPAs and PSAs, alleging that defendant breached the specific representations and warranties it made concerning the suitability of each of the mortgage loans contained in the loan pools. In addition, HSBC sought specific performance of the remedy that expressly applies to such breaches under the contracts, i.e., that defendant either cure the breaches or repurchase the loans.^[FN1] HSBC also asserted claims seeking general contract damages for alleged breaches of representations made by defendant concerning the transaction as a whole, specifically the representation that the contracts and related documents contained no untrue statements; it is these claims that are before us.

Certain provisions of the MLPAs and PSAs form the core of the dispute between the parties.^[FN2] Section 7 of the MLPAs is entitled "Representations, Warranties and Covenants of the Seller." This section includes certain general representations and warranties made by defendant, including, for example, that: it is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of Delaware; it has duly authorized the execution, delivery and performance of the agreement and will be bound by it; and the consummation of the transactions contemplated under the agreement are in the ordinary course of defendant's business. Section 7 also includes the provision referred to by the parties as the "No Untrue Statement Provision," which states that

{**30 NY3d at 579}"[t]his Agreement does not contain any untrue statement of material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements contained herein not misleading. The written statements, reports and other documents prepared and furnished or to be prepared and furnished by the Seller pursuant to this Agreement or in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby taken in the aggregate do not contain any untrue statement of material fact or omit to state [*3]a material fact necessary to make the statements contained therein not misleading."

Section 8 of each MLPA is entitled "Representations and Warranties of the Seller Relating to the Mortgage Loans" (hereinafter, Mortgage Representations). In section 8, defendant made specific representations and warranties about each mortgage loan, including that: information provided to the agencies that rated the certificates representing interests in the securitization trusts, including loan level detail, is true and correct according to the rating agency requirements; no fraud has taken place on the part of the mortgagor or any other party involved in the origination or servicing of the mortgage loan; the mortgage file contains an appraisal of the related mortgaged property which was made by a qualified appraiser pursuant to applicable law and professional standards prior to loan approval; and each mortgage loan is and will be a mortgage loan arising out of the originator's practice in accordance with the originator's underwriting guidelines.

Section 9 of the MLPAs is entitled "Repurchase Obligation for Defective Documentation and for Breach of Representation and Warranty." That section provides that, upon a party's discovery of any materially defective document or "a breach of any of the representations and warranties contained in Section 8 that materially and adversely affects the value of any Mortgage Loan or the interest therein of the Purchaser or the Purchaser's assignee," that party must give notice to defendant. Defendant then must cure the breach or, if that is not possible, repurchase the affected mortgage loan at a purchase price defined under the PSA. Significantly, section 9 (c) states that "[i]t is understood and agreed that the obligations of [defendant] set forth in this [s]ection 9 to cure or repurchase a defective Mortgage Loan . . . constitute the sole remedies of the Purchaser against [defendant] respecting a missing document{**30 NY3d at 580} or a breach of the representations and warranties contained in [s]ection 8" (emphasis added). This language is referred to by the parties as the "Sole Remedy Provision."

The PSAs are separate contracts, which refer to certain specific provisions of the MLPAs, but do not incorporate the MLPAs as a whole. Section 2.01 of the PSAs assigns to HSBC, as trustee, the depositor's rights under the MLPAs "to the extent of the Mortgage Loans sold."^[FN3] Under section 2.03 of each PSA, defendant made certain representations and warranties, including a statement that the Mortgage Representations "are true and correct." Section 2.03 further provides a remedy for a breach of the section 8 representations and warranties that tracks the language of section 9 of the MLPAs—i.e., that defendant shall cure such breach in all material respects and, if such breach is not so cured, shall repurchase or replace the affected mortgage loans. Section 2.03 also states, in language that parallels section 9 (c) of the MLPAs, that defendant's obligation to cure, repurchase or replace any mortgage loan to which a breach has occurred shall be the "sole remed[y] against [defendant] respecting such breach" available to the investors, depositor, or trustee. The PSAs do not include provisions comparable to the No Untrue Statement Provision in the MLPAs.

The particular causes of action at issue on this appeal allege that defendant breached the No Untrue Statement Provision in section 7 of the MLPAs by providing certain documents to the trusts—including the mortgage loan files, mortgage loan schedules, and prospectus supplements—that contained "widespread, pervasive and material misrepresentations and omissions with respect to the Mortgage Loans." HSBC further claims that the results of the investigation of the mortgage loans, including a review of the loan files, "make clear that [defendant's] breaches of the Mortgage Representations are systemic in nature and adversely affect the vast majority of the [m]ortgage [l]oans in the [t]rust."

Defendant moved to dismiss the complaints pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (1) and (7), arguing that the MLPAs and PSAs both provide that the sole remedy for breaches of the Mortgage Representations is cure or repurchase. Supreme Court granted the motions to dismiss with respect to the causes of action and{**30 NY3d at 581} claims for general contract damages based on alleged breaches of the No Untrue Statement Provision of the MLPAs. The Appellate Division reinstated those claims, reasoning that, if the parties intended for the Sole Remedy Provision to "apply to both section 8 and section 7 breaches, they certainly could have included such language in the contracts" (133 AD3d 96, 108 [1st Dept 2015] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). The Appellate Division granted defendant leave to appeal to this Court, certifying the question of whether its order was properly made.

It is fundamental that, "when parties set down their agreement in a clear, complete document, their writing should as a rule be enforced according to its terms" (W.W.W. Assoc. v Giancontieri, 77 NY2d 157, 162 [1990]; see Reiss v Financial Performance Corp., 97 NY2d 195, 198 [2001]), and that courts should read a contract "as a harmonious and integrated whole" to determine and give effect to its purpose and intent (Matter of Westmoreland Coal Co. v Entech, Inc., 100 NY2d 352, 358 [2003]; see W.W.W. Assoc., 77 NY2d at 162). Courts may not, through their interpretation of a contract, add or excise terms or distort the meaning of any particular words or phrases, thereby creating a new contract under the guise of interpreting the parties' own agreements (see ACE Sec. Corp., Home Equity Loan Trust, Series 2006-SL2 v DB Structured Prods., Inc., 25 NY3d 581, 597 [2015]; Matter of Westmoreland Coal Co., 100 NY2d at 358; Reiss, 97 NY2d at 199). In that regard, a contract must be construed in a manner which gives effect to each and every part, so as not to render any provision "meaningless or without force or effect" (Ronnen v Ajax Elec. Motor Corp., 88 NY2d 582, 589 [1996]).

In accordance with these principles, courts must honor contractual provisions that limit liability or damages because those provisions represent the parties' agreement on the allocation of the risk of economic loss in certain eventualities (see Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v Noble Lowndes Intl., 84 NY2d 430, 436 [1994] [the parties "may later regret their assumption of the risks of non-performance in this manner; but the courts let them lie on the bed they made"]; 11-58 Corbin on Contracts § 58.16 [2017] ["(w)here a contract provides that damages for breach shall not be recoverable beyond a specified sum, it is obvious that the risk of loss beyond that sum is being assumed{**30 NY3d at 582} by the promisee"]). Contract terms providing for a "sole remedy" are sufficiently clear to establish that no other remedy was contemplated by the parties at the time the contract was formed, for purposes of that portion of the transaction (see J. D'Addario & Co., Inc. v Embassy Indus., Inc., 20 NY3d 113, 118 [2012]), "especially when entered into at arm's length [*5]by sophisticated contracting parties" (Kalisch-Jarcho, Inc. v City of New York, 58 NY2d 377, 384 [1983]).

When reviewing a defendant's motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a cause of action, a court must "give the complaint a liberal construction, accept the allegations as true and provide plaintiffs with the benefit of every favorable inference" (Roni LLC v Arfa, 18 NY3d 846, 848 [2011]). Thus, here, we accept as true HSBC's allegations of pervasive breaches of the representations made as to the mortgage loans and misleading omissions in the transaction documents, including the mortgage loan files, mortgage loan schedules, and prospectus supplements.^[FN4] Significantly, however, the complaints themselves affirmatively pleaded that the claims based on alleged breaches of the No Untrue Statement Provision were grounded in "misrepresentations and omissions with respect to the Mortgage Loans," themselves. That is, HSBC claimed that it was defendant's breaches of the Mortgage Representations—found in section 8 of the MLPAs, and expressly incorporated by reference in section 2.03 of each PSA—that were "systemic in nature."

Indeed, HSBC alleged that certain appraisals included in the mortgage loan files were inflated and, thus, there was "strong reason to believe" that these appraisals did not conform to federal guidelines and professional standards, which would constitute a breach of the Mortgage Representation that each appraisal on file was so prepared prior to approval of the mortgage loan. Morever, HSBC claimed that misrepresentations in the mortgage loan files and missing or incomplete loan files constituted breaches of section 8 Mortgage Representations,{**30 NY3d at 583} specifically those representations made by defendant that no fraud was involved in the origination or servicing of the mortgage loans and that each mortgage loan arose out of the originator's practice in accordance with its underwriting guidelines. The alleged deficiencies in the mortgage loan schedules were also grounded in violations of the Mortgage Representations—in particular, HSBC claimed that providing the purportedly flawed documents to the rating agencies violated defendant's representation that it had provided such rating agencies with only true and correct information. Similarly, HSBC averred that certain statements in the prospectus supplements constituted breaches of the Mortgage Representations concerning appraisals and underwriting guidelines.

Contrary to the dissenters' assertion that certain allegations of HSBC concerning misstatements in the Mortgage Loan Files (HSBC 2007-3 complaint ¶ 60 [enumerating certain alleged misrepresentations]) are not grounded in alleged breaches of the Mortgage [*6]Representations, we need only look to the next paragraph in the complaint to see that they are (see HSBC 2007-3 complaint ¶ 61 ["Misrepresentations, such as those described above, strongly suggest fraud by either or both the Mortgagor and the originator in the underwriting of the loan, in breach of MLPA § 8(ii)" (emphasis added)]). In addition, to find a breach of the No Untrue Statement Provision, Judge Feinman creates out of whole cloth a theory contrary to the allegations penned by HSBC (Feinman, J., dissenting op at 591-592; Rivera, J., dissenting op at 605 [joining that analysis]). For example, HSBC claimed that there was reason to believe that certain appraisals contained in the mortgage loan files were biased, in violation of a Mortgage Representation, namely MLPA § 8 (29) (see HSBC 2007-3 complaint ¶ 60). While the dissenters maintain that the mere presence of inflated property values, if not based on biased appraisals, could violate the No Untrue Statement Provision and not MLPA § 8 (29), they ignore the fact that, to prevail on the claims actually alleged, HSBC must show that the appraisals were biased. The dissenters' contention that HSBC is attempting to prove the opposite of what was actually alleged is not a "liberal" reading of the complaint; nor is that contention relevant to a determination of "whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory" (Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994] [emphasis added]). Rather than twisting the complaint in an attempt to{**30 NY3d at 584} read in theories that it does not support, the appropriate inquiry is whether "the instant complaint . . . , although inartfully drafted, adequately alleged for pleading survival purposes" a violation of the No Untrue Statement Provision that is not grounded in a violation of the Mortgage Representations (id. at 88). The approach of the dissenters strays far from this principle and actually contradicts HSBC's allegations; that is, to succeed on a claim that section 7, but not 8, of the MLPA was violated, HSBC would be required to show both inflated property appraisals and the absence of the very bias that HSBC is, in fact, seeking to prove. In other words, the cause of action created by the dissenters cannot stand unless HSBC's allegations fail.

The additional theories developed by Judge Feinman in his dissent and endorsed by Judge Rivera—concerning alleged misstatements of loan-to-value ratios and owner-occupancy status—suffer from a similar flaw (Feinman, J., dissenting op at 592; Rivera, J., dissenting op at 605). HSBC alleged in the complaints that these misstatements violated specific Mortgage Representations. Contrary to the dissenters' assertion, at no time during the course of this litigation did HSBC itself ever suggest that its complaints alleged the theories that the dissenters now fashion. That is because these theories are untethered to HSBC's claims "as alleged" and do not represent reasonable "inference[s]" that can be drawn from the actual language in the complaints (see Leon, 84 NY2d at 87).

Therefore, even accepting HSBC's allegations as true and giving HSBC the benefit of every favorable inference, it is readily apparent from the face of the complaints that the alleged breaches of the No Untrue Statement Provision are, in fact, based upon alleged breaches of the Mortgage Representations. However, under both the MLPAs and the PSAs, the sole remedy for breaches of the Mortgage Representations is cure or repurchase. HSBC cannot "subvert this 'exclusive remedies' limitation" of liability by simply re-characterizing its claims (Matter of Westmoreland Coal Co., 100 NY2d at 359). Rather, "[r]eading [each contract] as a harmonious and integrated whole" (id. at 358) and honoring "the exclusive remedy that the[se] [sophisticated] parties fashioned" (J. D'Addario, 20 NY3d at 119), we conclude that the Sole Remedy Provision applies, precluding HSBC from seeking general contract damages for the particular claims [*7]challenged on this appeal.{**30 NY3d at 585}

HSBC argues, and Judge Rivera agrees, that there is a fundamental distinction between what HSBC describes as the "broad scope" of the No Untrue Statement Provision, on the one hand, and the more narrow applicability of the Mortgage Representations set forth in the MLPAs, on the other. That is, HSBC contends that the No Untrue Statement Provision encompasses transaction-wide documents, while the Mortgage Representations involve loan-specific representations. We reject that argument, inasmuch as there is no support in the governing agreements for the position of HSBC that the Sole Remedy Provision applies only to occasional mortgage loan-specific breaches, whereas pervasive (or "aggregate") breaches are addressed under the No Untrue Statement Provision. Likewise, contrary to Judge Rivera's assertion in her dissent, the agreements do not provide a carve-out from the Sole Remedy Provision where a certain threshold number of loan breaches are alleged. Nor do any terms in the No Untrue Statement Provision—or anywhere else in the agreements—nullify the Sole Remedy Provision for breaches of the section 8 Mortgage Representations by allowing a general contract damages claim where multiple, systemic breaches of those representations are alleged.

In arguing to the contrary, HSBC and Judge Rivera rely on language in the No Untrue Statement Provision that the materials prepared and furnished by defendant pursuant to the agreement, taken in the aggregate, do not contain any untrue statement of material fact. That reliance is misplaced. The "taken in the aggregate" language does not relieve HSBC from the Sole Remedy Provision; nor does it create the type of "loan pool-level" representations that HSBC claims are distinct from "loan-level" representations. Rather, the clause is a general provision stating that the documents, taken together, do not contain material misstatements and are not materially misleading. In any event, the Sole Remedy Provision, by its very terms, applies to all breaches of the section 8 Mortgage Representations, and HSBC is complaining only of breaches of those representations. Therefore, HSBC is expressly limited to the more specific Sole Remedy Provision negotiated by the parties, however many defective loans there may be (see William Higgins & Sons v State of New York, 20 NY2d 425, 428 [1967]).

Notably, defendant does not claim that all possible breaches of the general representations and warranties set forth in section{**30 NY3d at 586} 7 of the MLPAs, including the No Untrue Statement Provision, are subject to the sole remedy of curing or repurchasing the defective loans. Nor does defendant assert that the Sole Remedy Provision would apply to limit the remedies available for breach of section 7 representations that are not based on the mortgage loans and their characteristics, such as, for example, a claim that defendant entered into the contract without proper corporate authority. Rather, defendant concedes that the Sole Remedy Provision would not apply to such breaches based upon the language to which the parties agreed (cf. Ambac Assur. Corp. v EMC Mtge. LLC, 121 AD3d 514 [1st Dept 2014]).^[FN5] However, as previously noted, there are no allegations in the complaints of a breach of the No Untrue [*8]Statement Provision in section 7 of the MLPAs to which the Sole Remedy Provision would not apply because all of the claims asserted under section 7 are also breaches of the loan-specific Mortgage Representations contained in section 8.

Finally, contrary to the contentions of HSBC and Judge Rivera, the additional language in section 13 of the MLPAs—providing that remedies are cumulative—does not remove HSBC's complaints from the ambit of the Sole Remedy Provision. On its face, section 13 pertains solely to the grant of a security interest in the mortgage loans; it does not address remedies for the breach of representations and warranties. HSBC's interpretation of this language as authorizing an award of general contract damages for the particular breaches asserted here would render the Sole Remedy Provision meaningless, even for disputes that fall squarely under the Mortgage Representations section of the MLPAs. In any event, the more specific Sole Remedy Provision that is narrowly related to breaches of the Mortgage Representations applies here because "[a] specific provision will not be set aside in favor of a catchall clause" (William Higgins, 20 NY2d at 428).

Accordingly, the Appellate Division order insofar as appealed from should be modified, without costs, in accordance with this opinion and, as so modified, affirmed, and the certified question answered in the negative.

Feinman, J. (dissenting in part).

I concur with the majority insofar as it holds that breaches of representations and [*9]warranties{**30 NY3d at 587} that would otherwise be subject to the Sole Remedy Provision cannot escape this provision merely because they are systemic in nature. However, the majority missteps by assuming that every claimed breach of the No Untrue Statement Provision was simply a breach of section 8 which HSBC had "re-characteriz[ed]" as a breach of section 7 (majority op at 584). Rather, in the Series 2006-FM2 and Series 2007-3 complaints, HSBC does not merely allege "pervasive breach" of the section 8 representations—which the majority is right to reject—but also breaches that by their own terms fell outside of the scope of section 8 in the first place.^[FN1]

"On a motion to dismiss under CPLR 3211, the pleading is to be given a liberal construction, the allegations contained within it are assumed to be true and the plaintiff is to be afforded every favorable inference" (Simkin v Blank, 19 NY3d 46, 52 [2012]).

In the Series 2006-FM2 and Series 2007-3 complaints, HSBC alleges that, "[i]n addition to the pervasive breaches of the [section 8] Mortgage Representations, the Investigation revealed that numerous documents assembled and furnished by Nomura to the Trust—including the Mortgage Loan Files, Mortgage Loan Schedule, and Prospectus Supplement—are rife with material misrepresentations and omissions" in violation of the No Untrue Statement Provision (2006-FM2/2007-3 complaints ¶ 64). Specifically, after an investigation of the loans, HSBC discovered a series of misstatements that fell within three broad categories. First, the Mortgage Loan Files contained inflated property appraisal values (see id. ¶ 45), resulting in the loan-to-value (LTV) and combined loan-to-value (CLTV) ratios in the Mortgage Loan Schedule and Prospectus Supplement being understated (see id. ¶¶ 50, 57). LTV/CLTV ratios "represent the size of the borrower's obligation as compared to the value of the property securing the loan. . . . All else being equal, the lower the CLTV (or LTV), the lower the likelihood of default" (id. ¶¶ 47, 48). Second, the Mortgage Loan Files and Mortgage Loan Schedule falsely represented certain loans as being owner-occupied (see id. ¶¶ 53, 58). "Owner-occupancy is an important factor in analyzing the {**30 NY3d at 588}credit risk of a particular loan" (id. ¶ 51). HSBC's forensic consultants determined whether a property was "owner-occupied" based on a series of tests, such as whether the borrower received the property tax bill for the property at that address, or whether the property was indicated as the borrower's permanent residence in lien records (see id. ¶ 52). A property was deemed not "owner-occupied" if it failed two or more tests (see id. ¶ 53). Third, the Mortgage Loan Files contained "many misrepresentations of critical facts about borrowers, including misrepresentations of income and employment, understatement of existing debt obligations, misstatement of the occupancy status of the property, and misstatements of other basic facts in the Mortgage Loan Files" (id. ¶ 60).

The majority does not contest that these misstatements breached the clear, unambiguous terms of the No Untrue Statement Provision. That provision plainly covers untrue statements of material fact contained in "[t]he written statements, reports and other documents prepared and [*10]furnished or to be prepared and furnished by [defendant] pursuant to [the mortgage loan purchase agreement (MLPA)] or in connection with the transactions contemplated [thereby]" (MLPA § 7 [5]). Instead, the majority states that these misstatements also breached section 8 of the MLPA, to which the Sole Remedy Provision applies. Therefore, according to the majority, plaintiff cannot seek damages for these claims because allowing them to do so would render the Sole Remedy Provision a nullity, contrary to established canons of contractual interpretation.

If this were true, the majority's result would be entirely correct. However, a straightforward reading of the relevant contractual language reveals that the Sole Remedy Provision applies only to specifically-enumerated representations contained in section 8, and these representations do not necessarily duplicate all of the false statements that defendant allegedly furnished HSBC.

The Sole Remedy Provision does not say that the repurchase protocol is plaintiff's sole remedy for misrepresentations "with respect to the Mortgage Loans" (majority op at 582). Rather, it says that the repurchase protocol is the sole remedy "respecting . . . a breach of the representations and warranties contained in Section 8" (MLPA § 9 [c] [emphasis added]). The sole remedy provision of the pooling and servicing agreement (PSA){**30 NY3d at 589} similarly says that the repurchase protocol is the sole remedy "respecting such breach," that is, "a breach of a representation or warranty set forth in . . . Section 8 of the Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement" (PSA § 2.03 [c] [emphasis added]). Unlike the MLPAs at issue in some other residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) cases, the Sole Remedy Provision does not simply encompass all material misstatements relating to an individual mortgage loan (cf. Ambac Assur. Corp. v EMC Mtge. LLC, 121 AD3d 514, 518 [1st Dept 2014] [MLPA "provide(d) that the repurchase protocol is the 'sole and exclusive remedy' 'under this Agreement or otherwise respecting a breach of representations or warranties hereunder with respect to the Mortgage Loans' "]; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Merrill Lynch Mtge. Lending, Inc., 2016 NY Slip Op 32257[U], *3, *5 [Sup Ct, NY County, Nov. 3, 2016] [containing a "virtually identical" sole remedy provision to the one in Ambac]). Rather, by its express terms, the sole remedy provision is limited to misrepresentations that breach at least one of the specifically-listed representations in section 8 of the MLPA.

Section 8, in turn, does not purport to include every conceivable representation concerning the mortgage loans that an investor might find important. Indeed, the Mortgage Loan Schedule, which contained many of the alleged misstatements concerning LTV/CLTV ratios and owner-occupancy statements, was provided to investors "to buttress" these representations (2006-FM2/2007-3 complaints ¶ 35). To the extent relevant to the Series 2006-FM2 and Series 2007-3 complaints, section 8 reads as follows:

"The Seller hereby represents and warrants to the Purchaser that as to each Mortgage Loan as of the Closing Date:

"1. Information provided to the Rating Agencies, including the loan level detail, is true and correct according to the Rating Agency requirements; [*11]

"2. No fraud has taken place on the part of the Mortgagor or any other party involved in the origination or servicing of the Mortgage Loan; . . .

"8. Any and all requirements of any federal, state or local law including, without limitation, usury, truth in lending, real estate settlement procedures, consumer credit protection, equal credit opportunity,{**30 NY3d at 590} fair housing, predatory, fair lending or disclosure laws applicable to the origination and servicing of the Mortgage Loans have been complied with in all material respects, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby will not involve the violation of any such laws; . . .

"14. There is no material default, breach, violation event or event of acceleration existing under the Mortgage or the Mortgage Note and no event which, with the passage of time or with notice and the expiration of any grace or cure period, would constitute a material default, breach, violation or event of acceleration, and the Seller has not, nor has its predecessors, waived any material default, breach, violation or event of acceleration; . . .

"29. The Mortgage File contains an appraisal of the related Mortgaged Property which was made prior to the approval of the Mortgage Loan by a qualified appraiser, duly appointed by the related originator and was made in accordance with the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice; . . .

"40. No Mortgage Loan was selected from the mortgage loans in the Seller's portfolio in a manner so as to affect adversely the interests of the Purchaser; . . .

"42. Each Mortgage Loan is and will be a mortgage loan arising out of the originator's practice in accordance with the originator's underwriting guidelines; [*12]

"43. As of the Closing Date, the Seller has no knowledge of any fact that should lead it to expect that the Mortgage Loan will not be paid in full when due" (MLPA § 8; see 2006-FM2/2007-3 complaints ¶ 27).^[FN2]

{**30 NY3d at 591}Just as important as what section 8 says is what it does not say. Unlike some other MLPAs, section 8 does not contain a direct representation that the Mortgage Loan Files, Mortgage Loan Schedule or other loan-specific information sent to the purchaser is true and accurate (cf. Morgan Stanley Mtge. Loan Trust 2006-14SL v Morgan Stanley Mtge. Capital Holdings LLC, 2013 NY Slip Op 33623[U], *4-5 [Sup Ct, NY County, Aug. 16, 2013]; Homeward Residential, Inc. v Sand Canyon Corp., 2014 WL 2510809, *2, 2014 US Dist LEXIS 77068, *4-5 [SD NY, May 28, 2014, No. 13 Civ 2107(AT)]). Nor does section 8 contain a representation as to the accuracy of the Prospectus Supplement (cf. Ambac, 121 AD3d at 518; HSBC Bank USA, 2016 NY Slip Op 32257[U], *5-6). Finally, section 8 does not warrant anything about the loan-level data alleged to have been misrepresented, such as owner-occupancy status or LTV and CLTV ratios (cf. Blackrock Core Bond Portfolio v U.S. Bank N.A., 165 F Supp 3d 80, 85 [SD NY 2016] ["Among the representations and warranties of the seller in the MLPA are the following: . . . the mortgaged properties are lawfully occupied as the principal residences of the borrowers unless specifically identified otherwise; . . . (and) no loan has a loan to value ratio ('LTV') of more than 100%"]). In short, nothing in section 8 states that all of the loan-level information provided to plaintiff—such as the LTV/CLTV ratios, owner-occupancy and borrower-specific data set forth, as applicable, in the Mortgage Loan Files, Mortgage Loan Schedule and Prospectus Supplement—is true. It is section 7, and section 7 alone, that furnishes such a warranty.

It is true that, as the majority explains, a breach of section 8 can be inferred from the presence of such a misstatement. However, that does not make it the same breach. HSBC alleged, for instance, that, based on the inflated property appraisals, there was "strong reason" to believe that the appraisals were "biased and not independent" and therefore did not conform either to federal guidelines or to the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice, breaching MLPA § 8 (29) (2006-FM2/2007-3 complaints ¶ 45). But this is just an inference; the mere presence of those inflated property values does not categorically mean that the appraiser was biased or not independent. Those misstatements can breach section 7{**30 NY3d at 592} (which prohibits the furnishing of such misstatements) without breaching section 8 (which prohibits the inclusion in the Mortgage Loan Files of nonconforming appraisals), and the first breach is not duplicative of the second.

The majority does not apparently dispute the observation "that the mere presence of [*13]inflated property values, if not based on biased appraisals, could violate the No Untrue Statement Provision and not MLPA § 8 (29)" (majority op at 583 [emphasis omitted]). However, the majority suggests that HSBC pleaded itself out of what would otherwise be a valid claim under the No Untrue Statement Provision; i.e., that, to prevail on the claims "actually alleged," HSBC must show that the appraisals were nonconforming (id. at 583). But the claimed breach of MLPA § 8 (29) is not the furnishing of inaccurate appraisals to HSBC; it is the bias and non-independence of the appraisers responsible for them, for which the misstatements in the loan files are but one piece of evidence. HSBC's failure to prevail on its additional claim that the appraisals were nonconforming would not defeat its well-pleaded claim that the inaccuracies in the appraisals themselves violated the No Untrue Statement Provision.

In a similar vein, HSBC infers that the misstated CLTV and owner-occupancy figures indicated a deviation from underwriting standards established in the industry, breaching MLPA § 8 (42) (see 2006-FM2/2007-3 complaint ¶¶ 57, 58), and that other misstatements in the Mortgage Loan Files "strongly suggest fraud by either or both the Mortgagor and the originator in the underwriting of the loan," in breach of MLPA § 8 (2) (id. ¶ 61). But again, the very presence of those misstatements in the written documents furnished to the trust is a breach of section 7, even if they are the predicate from which a different breach of section 8 (such as non-conformity with applicable underwriting guidelines, or the presence of fraud) can be inferred. Indeed, from the pleadings, it appears that some of the misstated CLTV ratios did not rise to the level of a breach of appraisal and underwriting guidelines. In the Series 2006-FM2 loan pool, there were allegedly 1,751 mortgage loans with "materially understated" CLTV ratios, even though only 1,463 of them were so inaccurate that they "warrant[ed] the conclusion that serious errors occurred in the appraisal process" in violation of MLPA § 8 (42) (2006-FM2 complaint ¶¶ 50, 57).

{**30 NY3d at 593}In addition, plaintiff alleges that, inasmuch as the understated LTV/CLTV ratios and inaccurate owner-occupancy statements were provided to the rating agencies through their inclusion in the Mortgage Loan Schedule and (as to the LTV/CLTV ratios) the Prospectus Supplement, defendant violated MLPA § 8 (1) (see 2006-FM2/2007-3 complaints ¶¶ 50, 53). But the delivery of such false statements to the rating agencies prior to closing is an entirely separate act from its delivery to the trust, and the mechanism by which the trust is harmed in each case is different. While the Mortgage Loan Schedule is provided to investors to support the section 8 representations, it is provided to the rating agencies as a basis for the rating assigned to the RMBS, which ultimately influences the price at which they are sold (see id. ¶ 35).^[FN3]

"Historically, we have been 'extremely reluctant to interpret an agreement as impliedly stating something which the parties have neglected to specifically include' " (ACE Sec. Corp., Home Equity Loan Trust, Series 2006-SL2 v DB Structured Prods., Inc., 25 NY3d 581, 597 [2015], quoting Vermont Teddy Bear Co. v 538 Madison Realty Co., 1 NY3d 470, 475 [2004]). A contractual provision limiting certain enumerated remedies should not be expanded to preclude other remedies not enumerated (see Biotronik A.G. v Conor Medsystems Ireland, Ltd., 22 NY3d 799, 805 [2014]). Under the well-settled canon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius (see Quadrant Structured Prods. Co., Ltd. v Vertin, 23 NY3d 549, 560 [2014]; Two Guys from Harrison-N.Y. v S.F.R. Realty Assoc., 63 NY2d 396, 403-404 [1984]; Woodmere Academy v Steinberg, 41 NY2d 746, 750 [1977]), and in the absence of any broader language like that in Ambac (121 AD3d at 518), the sole remedy clause applies to{**30 NY3d at 595} every claim arising under a specific subsection of section 8, but not to those that merely fall within that section's penumbras.

The majority's holding puts similarly-situated plaintiffs in an unenviable dilemma. If they plead too little, they may not be able to make out a breach of section 8 or avail themselves of the repurchase protocol, as "bare legal conclusions" are not entitled to consideration (Connaughton v Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., 29 NY3d 137, 141 [2017]). If they plead too much, they will have boxed themselves out of an otherwise valid claim under the No Untrue Statement Provision, though the claim could be supported by a reasonable view of the facts. Even though HSBC may have been furnished with misstatements that breached section 7 but not section 8, and even though HSBC affirmatively pleaded that these misstatements violated section 7, the majority's holding today leaves it without a remedy for those misstatements. As a matter of doctrine, this position is untenable. [*14]

Accordingly, HSBC adequately pleaded breaches of the No Untrue Statement Provision that do not duplicate breaches of section 8, and which should therefore survive defendant's motion to dismiss (see Campaign for Fiscal Equity v State of New York, 86 NY2d 307, 318 [1995] ["If we determine that plaintiffs are entitled to relief on any reasonable view of the facts stated, our inquiry is complete and we must declare the complaint legally sufficient"]; accord Aristy-Farer v State of New York, 29 NY3d 501, 509 [2017]).

I would therefore modify so much of the order of the Appellate Division as denied defendant's motions to dismiss the third cause of action under the Series 2006-FM2 and Series 2007-3 complaints, to permit those claims to proceed solely to the extent that they are not based on statements contained in specific subsections of section 8. I am otherwise in agreement with the majority opinion.