Argued October 18, 2017; decided November 20, 2017

Matter of Mestecky v City of New York, 133 AD3d 431, affirmed.

New York City Charter § 1049-a (d) (2) permits the use of affix and mail service of notices of violation (NOVs) issued by{**30 NY3d at 242} Department of Buildings (DOB) inspectors who discover building code violations, but only after there has been "a reasonable attempt" to deliver the notice "to a person in such premises upon whom service may be made as provided for by article three of [*2]the civil practice law and rules or article three of the business corporation law" (see NY City Charter § 1049-a [d] [2] [b]). The question presented is whether, prior to use of the affix and mail procedure, the City Charter requires more than a single attempt to personally serve the NOV at the premises.

The Environmental Control Board (ECB), a division of the City's Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings, adjudicates certain violations of the New York City Charter and Administrative Code, including violations of the building code. Petitioner owns residential property on Union Turnpike in New Hyde Park. In the determinations challenged in this proceeding, the ECB found that between October 2011 and June 2012, DOB inspectors issued nine NOVs for code violations observed at the property. Each NOV identified the nature of the alleged violation and contained a statement, made under penalty of perjury, describing the inspector's unsuccessful effort to personally serve the NOV at the premises. For example, with respect to three NOVs issued in December 2011, the inspector explained "female occupants state [premises owner] does not live there—refused [to] accept service." Three NOVs posted in June 2012 state: "No response to doorbell—knocks at front storm door—waited 5 minutes." In each instance, after a single unsuccessful attempt at personal service, the inspector used the "alternate service" procedure, affixing the NOV in a conspicuous place. Additional documentary proof indicated that copies of the NOVs were mailed to petitioner at the premises address and, for NOVs issued after February 2012, at his home in Bayside, Queens.

Petitioner's failure to appear on the hearing dates directed on the NOVs resulted in administrative default judgments imposing fines and penalties. With respect to seven of the nine NOVs, petitioner successfully moved to vacate the defaults. At two hearings consolidating challenges to those NOVs, petitioner denied having received any of the NOVs and argued, among other things, that they were not properly served because more than one attempt at personal service is required prior to use of the alternate affix and mail procedure authorized in New York City Charter § 1049-a (d) (2) (a) (ii). That argument was rejected by the presiding administrative law judges and the{**30 NY3d at 243} ECB sustained the violations upon administrative appeal. Petitioner's motions before the ECB to open the two remaining administrative default judgments were denied. Petitioner commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding challenging the ECB determinations with respect to all nine NOVs, which was transferred to the Appellate Division.

The Appellate Division confirmed the determinations, denied the petition and dismissed the proceeding, concluding that the agency properly interpreted New York City Charter § 1049-a (d) (2) (b) to require only one attempt at personal service of an NOV at the premises prior to resorting to the affix and mail procedure and, thus, the seven NOVs that were reviewed in the administrative hearings were properly served (133 AD3d 431 [2015]). That court also held that petitioner's claims with respect to the two administrative default judgments were time-barred due to his failure to commence the CPLR article 78 proceeding within four months of the [*3]ECB determinations denying his motions to vacate those defaults. The Appellate Division granted petitioner leave to appeal to this Court, certifying the question of whether its order was properly made. We now affirm.

In statutory interpretation cases, the Court's "primary consideration 'is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the Legislature' " (Matter of DaimlerChrysler Corp. v Spitzer, 7 NY3d 653, 660 [2006], quoting Riley v County of Broome, 95 NY2d 455, 463 [2000]). The statutory text is the clearest indicator of legislative intent "and courts should construe unambiguous language to give effect to its plain meaning" (id.). When the statutory language at issue is but one component in a larger statutory scheme, it "must be analyzed in context and in a manner that 'harmonizes the related provisions and renders them compatible' " (Matter of M.B., 6 NY3d 437, 447 [2006] [ellipsis and brackets omitted], quoting Matter of Tall Trees Constr. Corp. v Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Town of Huntington, 97 NY2d 86, 91 [2001]). "We have recognized that meaning and effect should be given to every word of a statute" and that an interpretation that renders words or clauses superfluous should be rejected (Leader v Maroney, Ponzini & Spencer, 97 NY2d 95, 104 [2001]).

New York City Charter § 1049-a (d) (2) (a) begins with a general provision requiring service of the NOV according to the rules governing service of process in CPLR article 3 and Business Corporation Law article 3. This general provision is followed{**30 NY3d at 244} by a series of exceptions permitting alternate service procedures in specified circumstances. One of the exceptions, relevant here, addresses NOVs issued by the DOB, where service "may be made by affixing such notice in a conspicuous place to the premises where the violation occurred" (NY City Charter § 1049-a [d] [2] [a] [ii]). After being affixed to the premises, the NOV must be "mailed to the respondent at the address of such premises" and the ECB must also review its own files and those of the Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) and the Department of Finance (DOF) to identify other addresses for the owner (or owner's agent) to which the notice must also be mailed (id. § 1049-a [d] [2] [b] [i], [ii], [iii]).^[FN1] This affix and mail [*4]procedure may be used, however, only "where a reasonable attempt has been made to deliver such notice to a person in such premises upon whom service may be made as provided for by article three of the civil practice law and rules or article three of the business corporation law" (id. § 1049-a [d] [2] [b]).

Citing Matter of First Horizon Home Loans v New York City Envtl. Control Bd. (118 AD3d 875 [2d Dept 2014]),^[FN2] petitioner argues that, by referencing CPLR article 3, New York City Charter § 1049-a (d) (2) (b) incorporates the CPLR 308 (4) restriction permitting affix and mail service only when personal delivery (including delivery to a person of suitable age or discretion) "cannot be made with due diligence." Noting that {**30 NY3d at 245}some courts in other contexts have interpreted "due diligence" as requiring at least three delivery attempts at different times of day (see e.g. State of New York v Mappa, 78 AD3d 926 [2d Dept 2010]; Johnson v Waters, 291 AD2d 481 [2d Dept 2002]; Matos v Knibbs, 186 AD2d 725 [2d Dept 1992]; Hochhauser v Bungeroth, 179 AD2d 431 [1st Dept 1992]), petitioner maintains that the inspectors' efforts here—one attempt to deliver the NOV to a person at the premises—were insufficient.

This argument is belied by the structure of the statute. Because New York City Charter § 1049-a (d) (2) begins by stating the general rule that CPLR article 3 service rules apply "except" in certain enumerated circumstances, the contention that section 1049-a (d) (2) (b)—relating to an exception—requires strict adherence to CPLR article 3, including the due diligence standard, is plainly incorrect. To read the provision this way would make the exception indistinguishable from the general rule, thereby rendering it superfluous. Considered in context, [*5]the only reasonable conclusion is that the cross-reference to CPLR article 3 and Business Corporation Law article 3 in the exception was intended to import the provisions of those articles clarifying the parties or entities who can accept service, such as the clause permitting delivery to "a person of suitable age and discretion" (see CPLR 308 [2]). Indeed, this is the most natural reading of section 1049-a (d) (2) (b) given that the phrase containing the statutory cross-references directly follows the clause requiring "a reasonable attempt" to deliver the notice "to a person in such premises upon whom service may be made."

Further, the plain language of the relevant statute speaks in the singular—"[s]uch notice may only be affixed . . . where a reasonable attempt has been made" at personal delivery—indicating that only one attempt is required (NY City Charter § 1049-a [d] [2] [b] [emphasis added]). The legislative history supports this interpretation. As the Governor's approval memorandum explains, the affix and mail procedure was added to the predecessor statute in 1979 to "eliminate the time-consuming, costly and often unrewarding process now entailed in identifying and locating the person responsible for the violation" (Governor's Mem approving L 1979, ch 623, 1979 NY Legis Ann at 366, amending former NY City Charter § 1404). This point was echoed by Mayor Koch, who noted that the alternate method of service could be utilized after "an attempt" at personal service (Letter of Mayor Koch, Bill Jacket, L 1979,{**30 NY3d at 246} ch 623). In 1997, when the affix and mail procedure was made applicable to building and fire code violations, the legislative history indicates the measure was needed because of the difficulty inspectors encountered locating owners of violating properties in order to serve the NOV, particularly nonresident owners such as petitioner (see Letter of President of the Borough of Queens, Bill Jacket, L 1997, ch 569 at 9-10). The relevant charter provisions have been amended repeatedly over time to liberalize service rules to address the chronic problem of violators avoiding service. The restrictive interpretation urged by petitioner is inconsistent with this legislative history.

Moreover, the alternate service procedure authorized by the statute—a single attempt to personally deliver the NOV, coupled with affixing the NOV to the property and mailing copies to the owner at the premises and other addresses on file with related City agencies—is reasonably calculated to inform owners of violations relating to their properties. We therefore agree with the ECB and the Appellate Division that New York City Charter § 1049-a (d) (2) (b) permits use of affix and mail service after a single reasonable attempt by a DOB inspector to personally deliver the NOV at the premises.

Finally, the Appellate Division properly concluded that petitioner's challenge to the two administrative default judgments is time-barred. Several of petitioner's remaining arguments—such as his claim that the documentary proof of mailing was deficient due to the absence of affidavits of mailing—were not timely raised at the hearing and his other contentions lack merit.

Accordingly, the Appellate Division judgment should be affirmed, with costs, and the certified question not answered as unnecessary.

Judges Rivera, Stein, Fahey, Garcia, Wilson and Feinman concur.

Judgment affirmed, with costs, and certified question not answered as unnecessary.