Argued May 28, 2008; decided June 25, 2008

AG Capital Funding Partners, L.P. v State St. Bank & Trust Co., 40 AD3d 392, modified.

Jones, J.

In this appeal arising out of the issuance of a series of debt securities by nonparties Loewen Group International, Inc. and Loewen Group, Inc. (collectively Loewen), the question before us is whether plaintiffs have viable claims against defendant State Street Bank and Trust Company (State Street) for breach of contract, violation of the federal Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (see 15 USC § 77aaa et seq.), breach of fiduciary duty and negligence based on its alleged failure to deliver debt transaction registration statements arguably required to secure the debt. We conclude that plaintiffs' contract and Trust Indenture Act claims are barred by a release previously executed by plaintiffs as part of a bankruptcy settlement with Loewen and that no fiduciary duties exist. However, because negligence claims are not barred by the release, and because there is an issue of fact as to whether State Street owed and violated a duty of care to plaintiffs, we reinstate the cause of action for negligence brought by plaintiffs against State Street.

In May 1996, Loewen and collateral trustee Bankers Trust entered into a Collateral Trust Agreement (CTA). As relevant here, the CTA permitted holders of future debt offerings to{**11 NY3d at 151} acquire secured-creditor status with respect to the same pool of collateral. Specifically, the CTA provided that future

"trustees or like representatives acting on behalf of Holders of any proposed Additional Secured Indebtedness . . . may become Secured Party Representatives under this Collateral Trust Agreement and be entitled to the benefits of the security interests in the Collateral as set out herein and in the other Collateral Documents. To become a Secured Party Representative hereunder each such representative or Holder must deliver to the Trustee, for acceptance and registration in the Secured Indebtedness Register, an Additional Secured Indebtedness Registration Statement" (emphasis added).

In the late 1990s, in an effort to raise capital, Loewen issued a series of debt securities.^[FN2] Three of the debt securities, the pass-through asset trust securities (PATS), issued in September 1997, and the Series 6 and 7 Notes (Notes), issued in May 1998, are relevant here. Under the indenture for each transaction, Loewen engaged State Street to serve as indenture trustee and administer the debt issue. Plaintiffs—various insurance companies, mutual funds and investment funds—are holders of the PATS and Notes, which were valued at approximately $750 million when issued. For each transaction, Loewen and State Street executed an additional secured indebtedness registration statement (ASIRS) as set forth in the CTA. Each ASIRS, incorporating by reference the CTA between Loewen and Bankers Trust, provided:

"By executing and delivering this Additional Secured Indebtedness Registration Statement and, upon the acceptance and recordation hereof by the Trustee in [*3]accordance with Section 2.3 of the Collateral Trust Agreement, State Street . . . as trustee under the indenture . . . hereby agrees on behalf of itself and the Holders it represents to be bound by all the terms and provisions of the [CTA] applicable to a{**11 NY3d at 152} Holder and a Secured Party Representative" (emphasis added).^[FN3]

It is undisputed that no ASIRS for the PATS or the Notes was ever delivered to or received by Bankers Trust.

In June 1999, Loewen filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Because no ASIRS was delivered for the subject debt securities, uncertainty arose as to whether the holders of those instruments had secured-creditor status. In the bankruptcy proceeding, plaintiffs approved Loewen's fourth reorganization plan and settled their claims against Loewen by accepting a discounted value for the Notes and PATS. Plaintiffs also agreed to "release" State Street in accordance with Loewen's reorganization plan, which provided that

"each holder of a CTA Note Claim, each Indenture Trustee and each Principal CTA Creditor will be deemed to forever release, waive and discharge [State Street] . . . from any claims, demands, rights, causes of action[ ] or liabilities that, if enforced against [State Street], entitle [State Street] to an Allowed Claim for indemnification from [Loewen]."

The indentures for the subject transactions required that Loewen

"shall indemnify [State Street] for, and hold it harmless against, any loss or liability incurred by it arising out of or in connection with the administration of this trust and its rights or duties hereunder, including the costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim or liability in connection with the exercise or performance of any of its powers or duties hereunder. . . . [Loewen] need not reimburse any expense or indemnify against any loss or liability to the extent incurred by [State Street] through its{**11 NY3d at 153} negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct" (emphasis added).

Thus, State Street was not indemnified by Loewen, and therefore not released by plaintiffs, as to any claim based on its negligence.

In 2002, plaintiffs commenced this action against State Street, alleging six causes of action: (1) breach of the PATS ASIRS and the Notes ASIRS, (2) breach of the PATS indenture and the Notes indenture, (3) violation of the federal Trust Indenture Act, (4) breach of fiduciary duty as an indenture trustee, (5) breach of fiduciary duty as a secured party representative and (6) negligence. In sum, plaintiffs alleged that State Street's failure to deliver the ASIRS to Bankers Trust for registration as required under the CTA and the ASIRS caused plaintiffs to settle their claims in Loewen's bankruptcy for "tens of millions of dollars" less than if State Street had delivered the ASIRS. In its answer, State Street denied the complaint's allegations and asserted various affirmative defenses, including release. State Street further countered that the subject notes were secured, whether or not they were registered.^[FN4] In January 2005, State Street moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, and plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment on their contract claims (i.e., breach of the ASIRS and breach of the indentures), as well as their breach of fiduciary duty as indenture trustee and negligence [*4]claims. Plaintiffs also sought an award of damages.{**11 NY3d at 154}

In July 2005, Supreme Court (1) granted State Street's motion to the extent of dismissing plaintiffs' claims for breach of contract and violation of the Trust Indenture Act, (2) granted plaintiffs' motion to the extent of granting them summary judgment as to liability on their breach of fiduciary duty as indenture trustee and negligence claims and (3) otherwise denied the motions. Specifically, the court held that the release plaintiffs executed as part of the Loewen bankruptcy settlement barred their contract and violation of the Trust Indenture Act claims, but did not affect their breach of fiduciary duty and negligence claims.

Further, the court, relying on the Appellate Division's 2004 decision dismissing State Street's third-party claims, held that plaintiffs were entitled to summary judgment as to liability on their breach of fiduciary duty as indenture trustee and negligence claims. However, in our November 2005 decision reversing the dismissal of the third-party negligence and contribution claims, we noted that the Appellate Division's comments on the merits of the main claim were "premature and beyond the scope of the appeal" (5 NY3d at 590 n 3).

After our November 2005 decision, State Street moved to vacate certain portions of Supreme Court's July 2005 decision and to renew its summary judgment motion as to the remaining claims, arguing that this Court rejected the Appellate Division's conclusion that plaintiffs could predicate tort claims on State Street's failure to perform ministerial tasks. In May 2006, Supreme Court (1) vacated so much of its prior order that granted plaintiffs summary judgment on the breach of fiduciary duty as indenture trustee and negligence claims, (2) granted State Street's motion to renew and (3) upon renewal, denied State Street's motion for summary judgment dismissing plaintiffs' breach of fiduciary duty (as indenture trustee and secured party representative) claims and their negligence claim. The parties appealed from Supreme Court's July 2005 and May 2006 orders to the extent they were aggrieved.

The Appellate Division dismissed plaintiffs' claims for breach of contract and violation of the Trust Indenture Act, explaining that because these claims were not predicated upon State Street's negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct, they are clearly barred by the release (40 AD3d 392, 393-394 [1st Dept 2007]). The court further concluded that the remaining claims for breach of fiduciary duty and negligence "should have been dismissed since they are essentially duplicative of the claims for{**11 NY3d at 155} breach of contract" (id. at 394). The court stated that, "[n]otwithstanding the wording of" such claims, "it is apparent that plaintiffs have not alleged the breach of an extracontractual duty redressable in tort" (id.). We granted plaintiffs leave to appeal and now modify and reinstate the negligence claim against State Street.

Plaintiffs argue that the Appellate Division decision immunizes State Street's failure to perform its most basic and fundamental obligations as an indenture trustee. Specifically, plaintiffs contend that: (1) Loewen's indemnification obligations to State Street, [*5]consistent with the Trust Indenture Act, did not relieve State Street from any claims or liability resulting from its own misconduct or failure to perform its express contractual obligations; as such, the release has no effect on plaintiffs' breach of contract claims; and (2) prior to the issuer's default, State Street owed plaintiffs an extracontractual duty to perform basic, nondiscretionary ministerial tasks (e.g., delivery of the ASIRS) and that breach of such duty supports a tort claim against State Street. State Street counters that (1) plaintiffs' breach of contract and Trust Indenture Act claims are barred by the release; (2) plaintiffs have not alleged the breach of an extracontractual duty redressable in tort; and (3) in any event, plaintiffs' tort claims are duplicative of the breach of contract claims.

Under the plain terms of the release, its scope is based on the terms of the indemnification provision set forth in each indenture. In short, the indentures provide that Loewen shall indemnify State Street for and hold it harmless against all claims except those based on State Street's negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct.^[FN5] As plaintiffs' breach of contract and Trust Indenture Act claims against State Street are not based on State Street's negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct, these claims fall under the category of "Allowed Claim for indemnification" and are barred pursuant to the release. Therefore, the Appellate Division properly concluded that, based on the release, State Street is entitled to summary judgment dismissing plaintiffs' first three claims.{**11 NY3d at 156}

We turn next to plaintiffs' contention that State Street may be held liable in tort for its failure to perform the basic, nondiscretionary ministerial function of delivering the ASIRS (prior to the event of default) and that, accordingly, plaintiffs' fourth and fifth claims, sounding in breach of fiduciary duty as an indenture trustee and as a secured party representative, respectively, should be reinstated.

The Trust Indenture Act of 1939, which is applicable "to notes, bonds, debentures, and other evidences of indebtedness, whether or not secured, and to all certificates representing such an interest" (5 Hazen, Securities Regulation § 19.2, at 261 [5th ed]), was enacted because "previous abuses by indenture trustees had adversely affected the national public interest and the interest of investors in notes, bonds [and] debentures, 15 U.S.C. § 77bbb (a), and Congress sought to address this national problem in a uniform way, S.Rep. No. 248, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1939)" (Bluebird Partners, L.P. v First Fid. Bank, N.A. N.J., 85 F3d 970, 974 [2d Cir 1996] [internal quotation marks omitted]). In short, "[t]he Act is designed to vindicate a federal policy of [*6]protecting investors" (id. [internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted]). As relevant here, the Act states that an indenture "shall automatically be deemed (unless it is expressly provided therein that any such provision is excluded) to provide that, prior to default . . . the indenture trustee shall not be liable except for the performance of such duties as are specifically set out in such indenture" (15 USC § 77ooo [a] [1] [emphasis added]).

New York state and federal case law are consistent with section 77ooo (a) (1) of the Act. In Hazzard v Chase Natl. Bank of City of N.Y., Supreme Court, New York County explained that

"[t]he corporate trustee has very little in common with the ordinary trustee . . . . The trustee under a corporate indenture . . . has his [or her] rights and duties defined, not by the fiduciary relationship, but exclusively by the terms of the agreement. His [or her] status is more that of a stakeholder than one of a trustee" (159 Misc 57, 83-84 [1936], affd without op 257 App Div 950 [1st Dept 1939], affd without op 282 NY 652 [1940], cert denied 311 US 708 [1940]; see Elliott Assoc. v J. Henry Schroder Bank & Trust Co., 838 F2d 66, 71 [2d Cir 1988] [holding that as long as trustee fulfills obligations under the express terms of indenture, no pre-default duties owed to{**11 NY3d at 157} debt holders except to avoid conflicts of interest]; Meckel v Continental Resources Co., 758 F2d 811, 816 [2d Cir 1985] [same as Hazzard]; Craig v Bank of N.Y., 2002 WL 1543893, 2002 US Dist LEXIS 12721 [SD NY 2002]; Magten Asset Mgt. Corp. v Bank of N.Y., 15 Misc 3d 1132[A], 2007 NY Slip Op 50951[U] [Sup Ct, NY County 2007] [same as Hazzard]; AMBAC Indem. Corp. v Bankers Trust Co., 151 Misc 2d 334, 338-339 [Sup Ct, NY County 1991] [same as Hazzard and Elliott Assoc.]).

We further note that a number of courts have held that prior to default, indenture trustees owe note holders an extracontractual duty to perform basic, nondiscretionary, ministerial functions redressable in tort if such duty is breached (see LNC Inv., Inc. v First Fid. Bank, N.A., 935 F Supp 1333, 1347 [SD NY 1996];^[FN6] Philip v L.F. Rothschild & Co., 1999 WL 771354, *1, 1999 US Dist LEXIS 14967, *3-4 [SD NY 1999]; Dresner Co. Profit Sharing Plan v First Fid. Bank, N.A., N.J., 1996 WL 694345, *4, 1996 US Dist LEXIS 17913, *12-13 [SD NY 1996]; Williams v Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Co., 1 F Supp 2d 836, 840 [ND Ill 1998]). These decisions are consistent with section 77ooo (a) (1) of the Trust [*7]Indenture Act, Elliott Assoc. and Hazzard.

Based on the foregoing, we hold that an indenture trustee owes a duty to perform its ministerial functions with due care, and if this duty is breached the trustee will be subjected to tort liability. However, contrary to plaintiffs' arguments, the alleged breach of such duty neither gives rise to fiduciary duties nor supports the reinstatement of plaintiffs' fourth and fifth causes of action.

[2] Plaintiffs' fourth cause of action alleging that State Street had a fiduciary duty as an "Indenture Trustee" is not viable. First, they cannot point to any provision in the indentures that places fiduciary obligations on State Street prior to an event of{**11 NY3d at 158} default.^[FN7] Second, as will be made clear below, fiduciary obligations are wholly different from the performance of ministerial functions with due care. Finally, mere allegations that a fiduciary duty exists, with nothing more, are insufficient to withstand summary judgment.

Plaintiffs' fifth cause of action alleging that State Street had a fiduciary duty as a "Secured Party Representative" is not viable under the general principles governing fiduciary relationships. "A fiduciary relationship 'exists between two persons when one of them is under a duty to act for or to give advice for the benefit of another upon matters within the scope of the relation' " (EBC I, Inc. v Goldman, Sachs & Co., 5 NY3d 11, 19 [2005], quoting Restatement [Second] of Torts § 874, Comment a). Determining whether a fiduciary relationship exists necessarily involves a fact-specific inquiry (see id.). "[E]ssential elements of a fiduciary relation are . . . 'reliance, . . . de facto control and dominance' " (Northeast Gen. Corp. v Wellington Adv., 82 NY2d 158, 173 [1993, Hancock, J., dissenting] [citations omitted]). Stated differently, "[a] fiduciary relation exists when confidence is reposed on one side and there is resulting superiority and influence on the other" (id.).

Here, State Street never became a secured party representative, as defined by the CTA, in the first instance. Accordingly, State Street never undertook "a duty to act for or to give advice for the benefit of another" in that capacity.

Finally, we conclude that the Appellate Division erred in dismissing plaintiffs' negligence claim as duplicative of plaintiffs' breach of the ASIRS (contract) claim. At the outset, we reiterate that the release executed by plaintiffs only applied to claims for which Loewen [*8]would have to indemnify State Street under the respective indentures, which specifically exclude acts of negligence from Loewen's indemnification obligations. Therefore, the release does not shield State Street from its own acts of negligence.

Here, it is undisputed that State Street and Loewen executed the ASIRS, that the ASIRS called for State Street to deliver{**11 NY3d at 159} same to Bankers Trust and that State Street failed to deliver the ASIRS or ensure that the ASIRS were delivered to Bankers Trust. Accordingly, there are issues of fact as to whether State Street, separate and apart from its contractual duty under the ASIRS, undertook and breached a duty of care, "connected with and dependent upon the [ASIRS]" (Clark-Fitzpatrick, Inc. v Long Is. R.R. Co., 70 NY2d 382, 389 [1987] [citation omitted]), to act in accordance with the ASIRS and the CTA registration requirements to protect plaintiffs' security rights in the CTA collateral and whether plaintiffs sustained significant losses as a result of this alleged breach. These questions should be resolved at trial.

State Street's reliance on various representations and opinions of Loewen's counsel (Thelen) stating that the PATS and the Notes were, or would be, entitled to secured status is misplaced and, in any event, does not alter our holding on plaintiffs' negligence claim. Because State Street did not advise Thelen that it had failed to deliver the ASIRS as it agreed to do, State Street cannot, in good faith, rely upon Thelen's representations.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be modified, without costs, by remitting to Supreme Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion and, as so modified, affirmed.

Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Graffeo, Read, Smith and Pigott concur; Judge Ciparick taking no part.

Order modified, etc.