Argued February 9, 2005; decided April 5, 2005

Argo Corp. v Greater N.Y. Mut. Ins. Co., 1 AD3d 264, affirmed.

G.B. Smith, J.

The issue in this case is whether a primary insurer can disclaim coverage based solely upon a late notice of lawsuit or must show prejudice. We hold that, under the [*2]circumstances of this case, plaintiffs' late notice was unreasonable as a matter of law, that the Appellate Division correctly applied Matter of Brandon {**4 NY3d at 337}(Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.) (97 NY2d 491 [2002]) and that the insurer need not show prejudice.

On January 2, 1997, Igo Maidanek slipped and fell on ice on the sidewalk adjacent to 137-01 83rd Avenue in Kew Gardens, New York. Maidanek was a tenant of the premises. The property was owned by Henry Moskowitz and managed by two companies owned by Moskowitz, Argo Corporation and Martinique Realty Associates (Argo).

On December 27, 1999, Maidanek brought suit for personal injuries against Argo by serving a summons and complaint on the New York Secretary of State. Argo acknowledged receipt of the summons and complaint by signing a return-receipt dated February 28, 2000. On November 10, 2000, Argo was served with a default judgment. On February 13, 2001, Argo received a notice of entry of the default judgment and of the scheduling of a hearing on that judgment. On February 21, 2001, Argo received service of a note of issue for trial readiness.

Argo notified Greater New York Mutual Insurance Company (GNY), its commercial liability insurance carrier,^[FN1] on May 2, 2001. On June 4, 2001, GNY disclaimed coverage because of the late notice of the lawsuit and occurrence, which, according to GNY, was a "condition precedent" to coverage under the insurance policy.^[FN2]

In January 2003, Argo brought a declaratory judgment action against GNY challenging GNY's disclaimer. GNY responded with a motion to dismiss for failure to comply with the contract provision which required timely notice to the carrier of the occurrence and of the lawsuit against the insured. The contract required notice "as soon as practicable."^{[FN3]{**4 NY3d at 338}} [*3]

Supreme Court agreed that Argo failed to comply with a condition precedent to coverage under the contract, stating,

"Plaintiffs' policy required them to 'see to it that we [the insurer] are notified as soon as practicable of an "occurrence" or an offense which may result in a [*4]claim.' Plaintiffs never notified defendant of Maidanek's suit until 14 months after service of the complaint upon the Secretary of State as their agent, until 6 months after service of the default motion upon plaintiffs, until more than 3 months after default was entered and until almost 3 months after service of the Note of Issue upon plaintiffs."

As a result, Supreme Court granted defendant's motion to dismiss for failure to timely notify the insurer.

The Appellate Division affirmed, stating:

"[T]he insureds are unable to provide an excuse for their failure to comply with the policy's notice provisions.

"Unlike Matter of Brandon (Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.) (97 NY2d 491 [2002]), this is not a case where the carrier had prior notice of the claim before the action was commenced." (1 AD3d 264, 265 [2003] [citations omitted].)

We granted leave to appeal and now affirm.{**4 NY3d at 339}

For years the rule in New York has been that where a contract of primary insurance requires notice "as soon as practicable" after an occurrence, the absence of timely notice of an occurrence is a failure to comply with a condition precedent which, as a matter of law, vitiates the contract (see Security Mut. Ins. Co. of N.Y. v Acker-Fitzsimons Corp., 31 NY2d 436, 440-443 [1972]) [failure to notify in a timely manner allowed insurer to disclaim coverage]). No showing of prejudice is required (id.). Strict compliance with the contract protects the carrier against fraud or collusion (id.); gives the carrier an opportunity to investigate claims while evidence is fresh; allows the carrier to make an early estimate of potential exposure and establish adequate reserves and gives the carrier an opportunity to exercise early control of claims, which aids settlement (Unigard Sec. Ins. Co. v North Riv. Ins. Co., 79 NY2d 576, 582 [1992]).

We have applied the no-prejudice rule in various contexts in recent years: supplementary underinsured motorist (SUM) insurance (Matter of Metropolitan Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v Mancuso, 93 NY2d 487, 495-496 [1999]; cf. Matter of Brandon, and Rekemeyer v State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 4 NY3d 468 [2005]) and excess insurance (American Home Assur. Co. v International Ins. Co., 90 NY2d 433, 442-443 [1997]). We have held, however, that the rule enunciated in Security Mutual does not apply to reinsurance and a reinsurer must show prejudice before it can be relieved of its obligations to perform under a contract (Unigard Sec. Ins. Co. v North Riv. Ins. Co., 79 NY2d 576, 582-584 [1992]).

In Matter of Brandon (Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.) (97 NY2d 491 [2002]), we again departed from the general no-prejudice rule and held that the carrier must show prejudice before disclaiming based on late notice of a lawsuit in the SUM context (see 97 NY2d 491, 498 [2002], supra). Under the facts of Brandon, the carrier received timely notice of claim but late notice of a [*5]lawsuit (see id. at 494-495). We were unwilling to extend the no-prejudice exception in regard to late notice of a lawsuit because "unlike most notices of claim—which must be submitted promptly after the accident, while an insurer's investigation has the greatest potential to curb fraud—notices of legal action become due at a moment that cannot be fixed relative to any other key event, such as the injury, the discovery of the tortfeasor's insurance limits or the resolution of the underlying tort claim" (see id. at 498).

Brandon did not abrogate the no-prejudice rule and should not be extended to cases where the carrier received unreasonably{**4 NY3d at 340} late notice of a claim. The facts here, where no notice of claim was filed and the first notice filed was a notice of lawsuit, are distinguishable from Brandon where a timely notice of claim was filed, followed by a late notice of lawsuit, and distinguishable from Rekemeyer, where an insured gave timely notice of the accident, but late notice of a SUM claim. Argo was notified of the lawsuit against it in February 2000 but did not notify GNY until May 2001. The burden of establishing that the delay was not unreasonable falls on the insured (see U.S. Underwriters Ins. Co. v A & D Maja Constr., Inc., 160 F Supp 2d 565, 569 [SD NY 2001]).

Argo admits that Maidanek filed the lawsuit against it in late 1999, and that it received notice of the claim in early 2000. Argo further admits that its notice to GNY was late but argues that GNY has not shown prejudice as a result of this late notice. Argo notified GNY 14 months after it was first served with the lawsuit, and six months after a default judgment was entered against it. Argo asks this Court to extend the Brandon "prejudice analysis to notice of suit in commercial policies where the notice was admittedly late."

The rationale of the no-prejudice rule is clearly applicable to a late notice of lawsuit under a liability insurance policy. A liability insurer, which has a duty to indemnify and often also to defend, requires timely notice of lawsuit in order to be able to take an active, early role in the litigation process and in any settlement discussions and to set adequate reserves. Late notice of lawsuit in the liability insurance context is so likely to be prejudicial to these concerns as to justify the application of the no-prejudice rule. Argo's delay was unreasonable as a matter of law and thus, its failure to timely notify GNY vitiates the contract. GNY was not required to show prejudice before declining coverage for late notice of lawsuit.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.

Judges Ciparick, Rosenblatt, Graffeo, Read and R.S. Smith concur; Chief Judge Kaye taking no part.

Order affirmed, with costs.

"2. Duties in The Event of Occurrence, Offense, Claim Or Suit

"a. You must see to it that we are notified as soon as practicable of an 'occurrence' or an offense which may result in a claim'. To the extent possible, notice should include:

"(1) How, when and where the 'occurrence' or offense took place;

"(2) The names and addresses of any injured person and witnesses; and

"(3) The nature and location of any injury or damage arising out of the 'occurrence' or offense.

"b. If a claim is made or 'suit' is brought against any insured, you must:

"(1) Immediately record the specifics of the claim or 'suit' and the date received; and

"(2) Notify us as soon as practicable.

"You must see to it that we receive written notice of the claim or 'suit' as soon as practicable.

"c. You and any other involved insured must:

"(1) Immediately send us copies of any demands, notices, summonses or legal papers received in connection with the claim or 'suit';

"(2) Authorize us to obtain records and other information;

"(3) Cooperate with us in the investigation or settlement of the claim or defense against the 'suit'; and

"(4) Assist us, upon our request, in the enforcement of any right against any person or organization which may be liable to the insured because of injury or damage to which this insurance may also apply.

"d. No insured will, except at that insured's own cost, voluntarily make a payment, assume any obligation, or incur any expense, other than for first aid, without our consent." (Emphasis added.)