—[*1] McElroy, Deutsch, Mulvaney & Carpenter, LLP, Morristown, New Jersey (William N. Aumenta of counsel), for appellant.

Carroll & Carroll Lawyers, PC, Syracuse (John Benjamin Carroll of counsel), for respondent.

Garry, J. Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court (McDermott, J.), entered October 20, 2011 in Madison County, which, among other things, partially denied a motion by defendant American Towers, Inc. for summary judgment dismissing the complaint against it.

Plaintiff owns real property in the Town of Sullivan, Madison County that has been in agricultural use for several generations. In 1949, plaintiff's predecessors in title conveyed part of this property to defendant AT&T Corporation for the construction of a communications tower, together with an easement and right-of-way over adjoining property for access to the tower. Pursuant to the parties' written agreement, AT&T constructed a paved road within the easement, and plaintiff's predecessors retained the right to use the new road. In 2000, AT&T transferred its rights and interest in the property and easement to defendant American Towers, Inc. (hereinafter defendant). In November 2010, plaintiff commenced this action seeking damages for defendant's alleged failure to maintain or repair the road and a declaration that defendant had abandoned the easement. Defendant and AT&T each moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, [*2]and plaintiff cross-moved for summary judgment. Supreme Court granted AT&T's motion, granted defendant's motion only to the limited extent of dismissing plaintiff's abandonment claim, and granted plaintiff's motion on the issue of defendant's liability for repairs to the road. Defendant appeals.

Plaintiff testified that the road constructed by AT&T replaced a previously existing unpaved farm road that had received little or no maintenance from plaintiff's predecessors. During the 50 years between the construction of the new road and the conveyance to defendant, AT&T responded to plaintiff's requests for maintenance and repairs and maintained the road in a satisfactory condition for farm use. Following the transfer from AT&T in 2000, defendant initially performed some repairs at plaintiff's request, but then ceased repairing and maintaining the road and disclaimed any further responsibility to do so. Plaintiff testified that adverse weather conditions have caused the paved surface to become eroded and deteriorated, some segments of the road have become impassable, and rubble and debris have washed from the roadway onto the adjacent farmland. Plaintiff supplied the affidavit of a highway construction expert who inspected the property and reported that the surface of the roadway was rutted, drainage culverts, shoulders and ditch lines were in need of repair, crops on plaintiff's adjacent property had been destroyed by erosion and there were "[l]arge areas of wash out from recent annual snow melting and rains on adjacent crop land." The expert further averred that these conditions were caused by weather conditions such as rain, storms, snow melt and ice and had "seriously reduced the usable adjacent acreage for farm purposes over approximately a mile." Defendant offered no affidavits or other evidence controverting these claims, contending instead that it has no duty to maintain or repair the road as a matter of law. Upon review of the written easement agreement and the parties' submissions, we disagree.

"The extent and nature of an easement must be determined by the language contained in the grant, aided where necessary by any circumstances tending to manifest the intent of the parties" (Hopper v Friery, 260 AD2d 964, 966 [1999] [citations omitted]; accord Town of Elmira v Hutchison, 53 AD3d 939, 940 [2008]). In general, unless the agreement provides otherwise, the owner of the dominant estate is responsible for maintaining the easement, and the servient owner is under no duty to make repairs (see Tagle v Jakob, 275 AD2d 573, 574 [2000], affd on other grounds 97 NY2d 165 [2001]; 49 NY Jur 2d, Easements § 129). The servient owner has a right to have the land's natural condition preserved as much as possible, and the dominant owner may not " 'materially increase the burden of the servient estate[ ] or impose new and additional burdens on the servient estate[ ]' " (Lopez v Adams, 69 AD3d 1162, 1164 [2010], quoting Solow v Liebman, 175 AD2d 120, 121 [1991]; see 49 NY Jur 2d, Easements § 128).

As pertinent here, the 1949 easement agreement provides that "the right of the [g]rantee to maintain said road shall not be construed as a duty to conform to a maintenance standard higher than that previously observed by the [g]rantors, except that the [g]rantee in constructing [the] new road shall provide drainage facilities in order that the adjacent lands of the [g]rantors will not be flooded out by reason of the road grade" (emphasis added). To support the contention that defendant has no duty to maintain or repair the road for the benefit of plaintiff and his tenants, defendant relies upon plaintiff's testimony that the previously existing farm road was essentially unmaintained and that the current road—even in its deteriorated state—is superior to its predecessor. We agree to the limited extent that plaintiff seeks to oblige defendant to maintain the road in a sufficiently improved condition to be satisfactory for farm use by plaintiff and his tenants (see 49 NY Jur 2d, Easements § 129). However, this conclusion does not end the inquiry in view of the agreement's explicit language regarding defendant's obligation to provide [*3]drainage facilities and prevent flood damage to plaintiff's property—the very damage that plaintiff contends has occurred.

This provision requiring defendant to provide drainage facilities is phrased as an express exception to its otherwise limited responsibility for maintaining the road, and the agreement does not give plaintiff the right or duty to perform such repairs. We find nothing in the agreement that excuses defendant from the obligation to maintain such drainage facilities in sufficiently good repair so as to avoid harm to plaintiff's property. The parties' intent to hold defendant, rather than plaintiff, responsible for costs related to road repair and maintenance is further reflected in a separate provision of the agreement requiring defendant to indemnify plaintiff "against any and all damages, claims, demands, costs or expenses, which [plaintiff] may suffer . . . by reason of the location, construction, maintenance, use or presence" of the road, other than losses attributable to plaintiff's sole negligence (emphasis added; compare Imperati v Kohl's Dept. Stores, Inc., 91 AD3d 1111, 1114 [2012]).^[FN1] Finally, turning to the history of the parties' performance of the agreement as "circumstances tending to manifest [their] intent" (Hopper v Friery, 260 AD2d at 966; compare Oliphant v McCarthy, 208 AD2d 1079, 1080-1081 [1994]), plaintiff established that, upon his request, AT&T had previously repaired and maintained the roadway's deteriorated "ditches, catch basins, culverts and sluices" and had corrected erosion damage to the road surface and plaintiff's adjacent crop lands. Under these circumstances, and reading the agreement as a whole, we agree with Supreme Court that defendant is obliged to maintain the roadway's culverts, ditches and other drainage facilities in sufficiently good repair to prevent flood and erosion damage to plaintiff's adjacent property, and to repair any damage to plaintiff's land caused by its failure to do so (compare Lopez v Adams, 69 AD3d at 1164-1166).^[FN2] As to the dissent's objection to our conclusion that the easement agreement makes this obligation "perpetual," we perceive no reason—as a matter of common sense—why the perpetual right to use an easement across plaintiff's property should not be accompanied by an equally perpetual duty to do so responsibly. In our view, such duty is in accord with the parties' expressed intent.

We reject defendant's contention that the action is time-barred by the three-year limitations period applicable to actions for injury to property (see CPLR 214 [4]). First, we note [*4]that, contrary to defendant's contention that plaintiff's last request for repair was made in 2004, plaintiff twice testified that his last contact for this purpose was in 2007. Moreover, plaintiff alleges that defendant's ongoing failure to repair the road and its drainage facilities has resulted and continues to result in erosion damage and the recurrent entry onto plaintiff's property of deteriorated pavement, rubble and other debris. "These alleged acts of continuous nuisance and trespass give rise to successive causes of action under the continuous wrong doctrine," with recovery of damages limited to the three-year period preceding the commencement of the action (Lucchesi v Perfetto, 72 AD3d 909, 912 [2010] [citations omitted]; see Petti v Town of Lexington, 92 AD3d 1111, 1114-1115 [2012]). Defendant next claims that plaintiff is precluded from seeking damages for trespass because of defendant's easement over the land in question, but that is true only when the scope of the easement has not been exceeded (see Mangusi v Town of Mount Pleasant, 19 AD3d 656, 657 [2005]; Kaplan v Incorporated Vil. of Lynbrook, 12 AD3d 410, 412 [2004]). Here, plaintiff's allegations that products of erosion from the paved road have intruded onto more than a mile of his property and damaged his crop land are unrefuted, and defendant has offered "no facts from which [a] court could conclude that the nature and extent of the intrusions did not exceed [defendant's] rights" (Ketchuck v Town of Owego, 72 AD3d 1173, 1175 [2010]). Finally, defendant's claim that plaintiff has suffered no damages as a result of its alleged trespass because he has not yet expended any money to correct the harm to his land is without merit, as "[t]he essence of trespass to real property is injury to the right of possession" (Bloomingdales, Inc. v New York City Tr. Auth., 13 NY3d 61, 66 [2009]; accord O'Connell v Graves, 70 AD3d 1451, 1452 [2010]). Accordingly, Supreme Court properly found that, although the extent of plaintiff's damages remains to be determined, he has demonstrated his entitlement to summary judgment on the issue of defendant's liability.

Lahtinen, J.P., and Stein, J., concur.

McCarthy, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part). The majority is affirming the grant of summary judgment to plaintiff on the issue of liability of defendant American Towers, Inc. (hereinafter defendant) to maintain the roadway covered by an easement held by defendant on plaintiff's property. Based on the language of the easement, and because a question of fact exists as to the current state of the roadway, we respectfully disagree.

Courts determine the nature of an easement by construing the intent of the parties, primarily through the language of the instrument conveying the easement interest (see Real Property Law § 240 [3]; Phillips v Iadarola, 81 AD3d 1234, 1235 [2011]). "If there is an ambiguity as to what was contemplated by the terms of the grant, those terms 'are to be construed most strongly against the grantor in ascertaining the extent of the easement' " (Ketchuck v Town of Owego, 72 AD3d 1173, 1174-1175 [2010], quoting Phillips v Jacobsen, 117 AD2d 785, 786 [1986]). The easement here states, in relevant part, that "the right of [g]rantee to maintain said road shall not be construed as a duty to conform to a maintenance standard higher than that previously observed by the [g]rantors, except that the [g]rantee in constructing [the] new road shall provide drainage facilities in order that the adjacent lands of the [g]rantors will not be flooded out by reason of the road grade." The majority interprets this provision as imposing a perpetual obligation on defendant to maintain the road so as to prevent damage to plaintiff's adjacent property by way of flood and erosion. [*5]

Based on our interpretation of this provision, we believe it presents two issues. First, the easement states that the grantee shall not be required to maintain the road to a standard any higher than that previously maintained by the grantors, who were plaintiff's family members and predecessors in interest. Therefore, the question under this clause of the easement is whether the road's current condition is equivalent or superior to the condition it was in under the grantors, before the easement was created in 1949, because, in order to comply with the terms of the easement, defendant would only have to maintain the road in such condition. A question of fact exists on this issue, such that summary judgment for plaintiff is not warranted. Plaintiff's testimony indicates that prior to construction of the paved road, it was a "[b]eaten down" dirt road, "wasn't a good road at all," and the owners did not maintain it. Plaintiff also testified that he and his family used the dirt road, indicating that it was at least passable and in usable condition.

The paving of the road undoubtedly improved its condition, but questions exist as to the current condition of the roadway, as the pavement has allegedly deteriorated, so a comparison must be made between the current state of the roadway and its condition prior to the road being paved by the grantee. On several occasions in his deposition testimony, plaintiff indicated that the road was still being used, implying that it was still passable. Indeed, he testified that "[i]t's used even today. One of my tractors might go over it today" and the last time it had been used by one of his tenants was possibly the day prior to his deposition. Plaintiff also testified that the condition of the road was better at the time of his deposition than it was prior to defendant AT&T Corporation paving the road. Yet, at other times, plaintiff's testimony seemed to imply that the road, even though paved, may be in worse condition than it originally was, due to it being dangerous or impassable. Specifically, he testified that 90% of the roadway needed repairs, "It's dangerous," and that a tenant "has to avoid these bad spots in the road, and he does and that puts him out off the right-of-way . . . for this particular area he's not on the road." Further, affidavits submitted by both plaintiff and a roadway repairperson, who provided a cost estimate for needed repairs to the road, indicate that the roadway is "not usable." It could be argued that an impassable paved road is inferior to a passable dirt road. Consequently, it is not clear whether defendant has complied with the terms of the easement by maintaining the road to at least the standard maintained by the grantors. While defendant has a minimal maintenance obligation, a factual question exists as to whether defendant has breached that obligation, precluding a grant of summary judgment on the issue of liability.

As to the second issue, the second clause of the above-quoted easement provision affirmatively obligates the grantee to install drainage facilities in order to prevent flooding of the lands adjacent to the roadway due to the road grade. Importantly, however, the language specifically limits this obligation, making it applicable only to new road construction. The language does not provide that defendant would have a continuing duty to maintain drainage facilities, but rather only requires defendant to install drainage facilities when "constructing [the] new road." If, arguendo, we broadly read this second clause about drainage facilities as interconnected to the first clause about road maintenance, the language of the easement could possibly be considered ambiguous. That possible ambiguity would exist as to whether the provision requires defendant to install drainage facilities in conjunction with constructing the new road and provided for no continuing maintenance obligation with regard to the drainage facilities, or rather whether it requires defendant to perpetually maintain any drainage facilities once installed. Construing any ambiguities " 'most strongly against [plaintiff] in ascertaining the extent of the easement,' " as we must (Ketchuck v Town of Owego, 72 AD3d at 1174-1175, quoting Phillips v Jacobsen, 117 AD2d at 786), we are therefore constrained to find that the [*6]easement required defendant to install drainage facilities when it initially constructed the road and imposed no further maintenance obligation in that regard. Thus, the majority reaches an overbroad conclusion by holding that defendant had a perpetual obligation to maintain the road and its drainage facilities "in sufficiently good repair to prevent flood and erosion damage to plaintiff's adjacent property."^[FN3]

For these reasons, Supreme Court erred in granting plaintiff summary judgment on the issue of liability. Defendant is entitled to a trial on the factual issues raised regarding the first clause of the provision and the condition of the road in 1949 and currently.

Malone Jr., J., concurs. Ordered that the order is affirmed, with costs.